{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:32:42Z","timestamp":1785807162321,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The prevalence and genetic basis of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    remains unclear in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study was devoted to determine the prevalence and characterize ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Al-Qassim area, Saudi Arabia. A total of 430 isolates of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from clinical samples were collected over 6 months from January to June 2008. These isolates were screened for the presence of ESBLs by double-disk synergy test and re-evaluated by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    -test ESBL method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15 antibiotics against ESBL-positive strains were determined by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    -test strips. The \u03b2-lactamases involved were characterized by polymerase chain reaction assays and DNA sequencing. Conjugation experiments were done and IS\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ecp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    elements were tested among CTX-M positive isolates. The prevalence of ESBL was 25.6% (110\/430) and all ESBL-positive isolates were sensitive to imipenem and tigecycline; however, the resistance rate to gentamicin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin was 87.3%, 10%, and 9.1%, respectively. Of these, 89.1% produced SHV, 70.9% produced TEM, and 36.4% were CTX-M-producing strains. The prevalence of ESBL SHV SHV-12 and SHV-5 was of 60% and 18.2%, respectively, and various non-ESBL SHV, including SHV-1 (5.5%), \u221211 (3.6%), and \u221285 (1.8%), was detected. However, the prevalence of CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-14 was 34.5% and 1.8%, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ISEcp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    element was detected in 60% of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes. All\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes were transferable; however, most of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV-12<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>SHV-5<\/jats:sub>\n                    were not transferable. TEM-type ESBLs were not detected in any of the isolates. This is the first description of CTX-M-14, SHV-5, SHV-11, and SHV-85 in Saudi Arabia. We have documented the dominance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    SHV-12 and highlighted the emergence of CTX-M-15 in Saudi Arabia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T18:49:44Z","timestamp":1306349384000},"page":"383-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Prevalence and Genetic Characteristics of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M in Clinical\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Isolates from Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abdulkader F.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz M.","family":"Alswailem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atef M.","family":"Shibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.M.","family":"Al-Agamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"264","article-title":"Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases amongst clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae at armed forces hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmad S., , Al-Juaid N.F., , Alenzi F.Q., , Mattar E.H., , Bakheet Oel S. 2009. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases amongst clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae at armed forces hospital in Saudi Arabia. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak., 19:264\u2013265.","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.01.007","article-title":"First description of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamase-producing clinical Escherichia coli isolates from Egypt","volume":"27","author":"Al-Agamy M.H.M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Agamy M.H.M., , Ashour M.S.E., , Wiegand I. 2006. First description of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamase-producing clinical Escherichia coli isolates from Egypt. Inter. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 27:545\u2013548.","journal-title":"Inter. J. Antimicrob. 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Klebsiella pneumoniae producing CTX-M-15 genes from neonatal intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia. Res. J. Microbiol., 4:278\u2013285.","journal-title":"Res. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2008.20.6.709","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae LO10 producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-12 in Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"Al-Obeid S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Obeid S., , Bremont S., , Jabri L., , Massoudi N., , Haddad Q. 2008. Klebsiella pneumoniae LO10 producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-12 in Saudi Arabia. J. Chemother., 20:709\u2013713.","journal-title":"J. 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