{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:23:51Z","timestamp":1777922631306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent studies have reported that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in fecal samples of healthy humans could also serve as important reservoirs of drug-resistant bacteria. Limited data are available for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013resistant profiles of healthy food handlers in hospitals who provide food service to inpatients and hospital staffs.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were recovered from hospital healthy food handlers, and one random selected isolate from each food handler was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phylogenetic typing, and screening for antimicrobial-resistant mechanisms by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were further characterized by mutation analysis in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA and ParC. And extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates were screened for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequence analysis. In total, more than 50% (47\/92) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from healthy food handlers showed multidrug-resistant profiles and 50% (46\/92) isolates carried\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">intI<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Resistance prevalence of the B2 phylogenetic group was significantly lower than that of the non-B2 groups for all tested antimicrobials (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) except chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Seven isolates of phylogenetic group A (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093) and D (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094) produced ESBL, and 12 isolates of phylogenetic group A (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095), B2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), and D (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Transferable quinolone resistance determinants were identified in four isolates. Point mutations in QRDRs of GyrA or ParC were identified among 59 out of 62\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates showing decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin. Genes encoding CTX-M enzyme were identified in seven ESBL-producing isolates. The preponderance in hospital food handlers of multidrug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    makes it important to introduce control measures such as improved biosecurity to ensure that they do not pass through the food service and limit inpatient therapeutic options.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T18:49:44Z","timestamp":1306349384000},"page":"443-448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characterization of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Isolates from Healthy Food Handlers in Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yanping","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changqin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.04.024","article-title":"Changes of viability and composition of the Escherichia coli flora in faecal samples during long time storage","volume":"63","author":"Acha S.J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acha S.J., , Kuhn I., , Mbazima G., , Colque-Navarro P., , Mollby R. 2005. Changes of viability and composition of the Escherichia coli flora in faecal samples during long time storage. J. Microbiol. Methods, 63:229\u2013238.","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600301"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702007000200020","article-title":"Risk factors for nosocomial bloodstream infection caused by multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli in pediatrics","volume":"11","author":"Arnoni M.V.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arnoni M.V., , Berezin E.N., , Martino M.D. 2007. Risk factors for nosocomial bloodstream infection caused by multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli in pediatrics. Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 11:267\u2013271.","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00760-10","article-title":"Distribution of human commensal Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups","volume":"48","author":"Bailey J.K.","unstructured":"Bailey J.K., , Pinyon J.L., , Anantham S., , Hall R.M. Distribution of human commensal Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups. J. Clin. Microbiol., 48:3455\u20133456.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","author":"Clinical, Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clinical, Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2009. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Seventeenth Informational Supplement M100-S19. CLSI: Wayne, PA.","journal-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Seventeenth Informational Supplement M100-S19"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/008649-0","article-title":"An analysis of the evolutionary relationships of integron integrases, with emphasis on the prevalence of class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from clinical and environmental origins","volume":"154","author":"Diaz-Mejia J.J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diaz-Mejia J.J., , Amabile-Cuevas C.F., , Rosas I., , Souza V. 2008. An analysis of the evolutionary relationships of integron integrases, with emphasis on the prevalence of class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from clinical and environmental origins. Microbiology, 154:94\u2013102.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10766290260469589"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1249-1255.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2380"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(08)74223-4","article-title":"Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations","volume":"15","author":"Gendrel D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gendrel D., , Cohen R. 2008. Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations. Arch. Pediatr., 15,Suppl 2:S93\u2013S96.","journal-title":"Arch. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0581","article-title":"Dissemination of cefotaxime-M-producing Escherichia coli isolates in poultry farms, but not swine farms, in China","volume":"7","author":"Li J.","unstructured":"Li J., , Ma Y., , Hu C., , Jin S., , Zhang Q., , Ding H., , Ran L., , Cui S. Dissemination of cefotaxime-M-producing Escherichia coli isolates in poultry farms, but not swine farms, in China. Foodborne Pathog. Dis., 7:1387\u20131392.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. 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Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46160-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01137-07","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated qepA gene among Escherichia coli clinical isolates, Japan","volume":"52","author":"Yamane K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yamane K., , Wachino J.I., , Suzuki S., , Arakawa Y. 2008. Plasmid-mediated qepA gene among Escherichia coli clinical isolates, Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 52:1564\u20131566.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp478","article-title":"Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from China containing transferable quinolone resistance determinants","volume":"65","author":"Yang J.","unstructured":"Yang J., , Luo Y., , Li J., , Ma Y., , Hu C., , Jin S., , Ye L., , Cui S. Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from China containing transferable quinolone resistance determinants. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 65:453\u2013459.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. 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