{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:25:39Z","timestamp":1792650339217,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"\n Resistance to disinfectants is well investigated in staphylococci and pseudomonads but nearly unexplored in bacteria of the genus\n Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n , despite their rising significance as nosocomial pathogens. In this study,\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =585) from blood (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =42) and stool (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =109) of hospitalized humans, from faeces of farm animals (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =226), and from food (milk and dairy products,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =96; meat and meat products,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =112) were screened for the presence of\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n -genes (\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n B,\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n C,\n smr<\/jats:italic>\n [\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n C+\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n D],\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n E\u03941,\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n G,\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n H,\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n J) via PCR. The isolates' susceptibility to a quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammoniumchloride, DDAC) and antibiotics was assessed by microdilution. Four\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n strains were positive for\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n -genes:\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n A\/B was found in one isolate from cattle and one isolate from human blood;\n smr<\/jats:italic>\n (\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n C+\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n D) was detected in one isolate from human stool and in one isolate from cheese (\u201cCamembert\u201d). The sequences of the\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n A\/B-amplicons differed in two basepairs. DDAC had an elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.45\u20133.5\u2009mg\/L in one\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n A\/B-positive strain from human blood, whereas the other\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n -gene carriers had wild-type MIC-values for DDAC (1.05\u2009mg\/L). This is the first detection of\n qac<\/jats:italic>\n A\/B in the genus\n Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,21]],"date-time":"2011-10-21T10:25:26Z","timestamp":1319192726000},"page":"7-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["First Detection of the Antiseptic Resistance Gene\n qac<\/i>\n A\/B in\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Meike","family":"Bischoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Preikschat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Schwaiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"M\u00f6lle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"H\u00f6lzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2006.08.004","article-title":"The smr gene resides on a novel plasmid pSP187 identified in a Staphylococcus pasteuri isolate recovered from unpasteurized milk","volume":"57","author":"Bjorland J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bjorland J., , Bratlie M.S., , Steinum T. 2007. The smr gene resides on a novel plasmid pSP187 identified in a Staphylococcus pasteuri isolate recovered from unpasteurized milk. Plasmid, 57:145\u2013155.","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4363-4368.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3046-3052.2003","article-title":"Novel plasmid-borne gene qacJ mediates resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius","volume":"47","author":"Bjorland J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bjorland J., , Steinum T., , Sunde M., , Waage S., , Heir E. 2003. Novel plasmid-borne gene qacJ mediates resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47:3046\u20133052.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.5.1248-1250.1997","article-title":"A PCR assay for identification of Enterococcus faecium","volume":"35","author":"Cheng S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cheng S., , McCleskey F.K., , Gress M.J., , Petroziello J.M., , Liu R., , Namdari H., , Beninga K., , Salmen A., , Del Vecchio V.G. 1997. A PCR assay for identification of Enterococcus faecium. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35:1248\u20131250.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn327","article-title":"First report of qacG, qacH and qacJ genes in Staphylococcus haemolyticus human clinical isolates","volume":"62","author":"Correa J.E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Correa J.E., , De Paulis A., , Predari S., , Sordelli D.O., , Jeric P.E. 2008. First report of qacG, qacH and qacJ genes in Staphylococcus haemolyticus human clinical isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 62:956\u2013960.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(00)80025-9","article-title":"A rapid PCR based method to distinguish between Lactococcus and Enterococcus","volume":"23","author":"Deasy B.M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deasy B.M., , Rea M.C., , Fitzgerald G.F., , Cogan T.M., , Beresford T.P. 2000. A rapid PCR based method to distinguish between Lactococcus and Enterococcus. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 23:510\u2013522.","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. 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Special requirements for testing of nonfastidious bacteria. Berlin: Beuth-Verlag, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"[List of Disinfectants]","author":"[DGHM] Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Hygiene und Mikrobiologie","year":"2002","unstructured":"[DGHM] Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Hygiene und Mikrobiologie. [List of Disinfectants] Bonn: mhp Verlag, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"[Guidelines for testing chemical disinfectants. Part V]","author":"[DVG] Deutsche Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Gesellschaft","year":"2008","unstructured":"[DVG] Deutsche Veterin\u00e4rmedizinische Gesellschaft. [Guidelines for testing chemical disinfectants. Part V] Verlag der deutschen Veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Gesellschaft e. 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EFSA J, 8:1579. 2010.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00044-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04570.x","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic bacterial antimicrobial resistance in liquid pig manure is variously associated with contents of tetracyclines and sulfonamides","volume":"108","author":"H\u00f6lzel C.S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00f6lzel C.S., , Harms K.S., , K\u00fcchenhoff H., , Kunz A., , M\u00fcller C., , Meyer K., , Schwaiger K., , Bauer J. 2010. Phenotypic and genotypic bacterial antimicrobial resistance in liquid pig manure is variously associated with contents of tetracyclines and sulfonamides. J. Appl. Microbiol., 108:1642\u20131656.","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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