{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:24:01Z","timestamp":1777922641480,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    To analyze trends of antibiotic resistance rates in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    from 1998 to 2008 in Casablanca (Morocco).\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The antibiotic resistance levels of 955 consecutive nonduplicate isolates were studied using E test and disc diffusion methods. Results were interpreted following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (2005). Analysis was done according to three periods (1998\u20132001; 2002\u20132005; 2006\u20132008), age, and site of infection.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Penicillin nonsusceptibility (PNS) increased significantly over time (15.6%, 17.8%, and 24.8%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.003). Levels of PNS have changed as well: in 2006\u20132008, 9.1% of the isolates had an MIC \u22652\u2009\u03bcg\/ml versus 7.7% in 2002\u20132005 and 3.4% in 1998\u20132001. The PNS increase was particularly marked in pediatric isolates (21.4%, 25.5%, and 43.3%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001). There was no significant difference between the rates of PNS in invasive and noninvasive isolates from children, whereas in adults noninvasive isolates were more penicillin nonsusceptible. Amoxicillin and ceftriaxone nonsusceptible isolates were very rare. An increase of resistance rates was also noticed for erythromycin (9.4%, 12.2%, and 14.4%), tetracycline (20%, 18.6%, and 30.5%), and chloramphenicol (5.6%, 5.6%, and 8.1%). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance rates remained stable (22.8%, 20%, and 23.8%). Proportions of dual nonsusceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin, increased from 5.6% to 8.9%. Multiple drug resistance (resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes) was found in 0%, 2.4%, and 7.7% of all isolates, respectively.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The results reported here maybe useful for guiding update of treatment recommendations and suggest the need for continuous surveillance. Increase of antibiotic resistance correlated with antibiotic consumption, stressing the need for elaboration of antibiotic policy in Morocco.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T16:18:42Z","timestamp":1325693922000},"page":"157-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Eleven-Year Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance in\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    in Casablanca (Morocco)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Benbachir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Elmdaghri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houria","family":"Belabbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghizlane","family":"Haddioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanane","family":"Benzaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahija","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd","place":["Morocco"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"265","article-title":"S\u00e9rotypes et sensibilit\u00e9 aux antibiotiques des Streptococcus pneumoniae isol\u00e9s au CHU de Casablanca entre 1994 et 1997","volume":"224","author":"Belabbes H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Belabbes H., , Elmdaghri N., , Redouani A., , Benbachir M. 2001. S\u00e9rotypes et sensibilit\u00e9 aux antibiotiques des Streptococcus pneumoniae isol\u00e9s au CHU de Casablanca entre 1994 et 1997. Maroc. Med., 224:265\u2013271.","journal-title":"Maroc. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.2.627-629.2001","article-title":"Two year surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in four African cities","volume":"45","author":"Benbachir M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benbachir M., , Benredjeb S., , Boye C.S., , Dosso M., , Belabbes H., , Kamoun A., , Kaire O., , Elmdaghri N. 2001. Two year surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in four African cities. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45:627\u2013629.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2009.21.6.627","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of respiratory pathogens in North African countries","volume":"21","author":"Benouda A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benouda A., , BenRedjeb S., , Hammami A., , Sibille S., , Tazir M., , Ramdani-Bouguessa N. 2009. Antimicrobial resistance of respiratory pathogens in North African countries. J. Chemother., 21:627\u2013632.","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02651.x","article-title":"Prevalence of penicillin and erythromycin resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates reported by laboratories in the southern and eastern Mediterranean region","volume":"15","author":"Borg M.A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borg M.A., , Tiemersma E., , Scicluna E., , Vande Sande-Bruinsma N., , De Kraker M., , Monen J., , Grundmann H. 2009. Prevalence of penicillin and erythromycin resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates reported by laboratories in the southern and eastern Mediterranean region. Clin. Microbiol. Inf., 15:232\u2013237.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Inf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"508","article-title":"Observatoires r\u00e9gionaux du pneumocoque: surveillance de la r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques et des s\u00e9rotypes de Streptococcus pneumoniae isol\u00e9s en France en 2005","volume":"51","author":"Chardon H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chardon H., , Gravet A., , Brun M., , Baraduc R., , Chabanon G. et al. 2008. Observatoires r\u00e9gionaux du pneumocoque: surveillance de la r\u00e9sistance aux antibiotiques et des s\u00e9rotypes de Streptococcus pneumoniae isol\u00e9s en France en 2005. Bull. Epid\u00e9miol. Hebd., 51\u201352:508\u2013512.","journal-title":"Bull. Epid\u00e9miol. Hebd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Approved Standard M100-S14","author":"[CLSI] Clinical, Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2005","unstructured":"[CLSI] Clinical, Laboratory Standards Institute. 2005. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing. Approved Standard M100-S14, 15th. 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Risk factors for antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. South. Afr. Med. J., 97:1129\u20131132.","journal-title":"South. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202938","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention","volume":"30","author":"Lynch J.P.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lynch J.P., , Zanel G.G. 2009. Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 30:189\u2013209.","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(02)00410-9","article-title":"Sensibilit\u00e9 aux antibiotiques des souches de pneumocoque isol\u00e9es au CHU de Rabat","volume":"32","author":"Seffar M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seffar M., , Benouda A., , Hajjam Z., , Alaoui M.A. 2002. Sensibilit\u00e9 aux antibiotiques des souches de pneumocoque isol\u00e9es au CHU de Rabat. Med. Mal. Infect., 32:529\u2013532.","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1411.070467","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in Europe","volume":"14","author":"Van de Sande-Bruinsma N.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van de Sande-Bruinsma N., , Grundmann H., , Verloo D., , Tiemersma E., , Monen J., , Goossens H., , Ferech M. the European Resistance Surveillance System and the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Project Group. 2008. Antimicrobial use and resistance in Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14:1722\u20131730.","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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