{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:24:04Z","timestamp":1777922644065,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]],"date-time":"2012-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The prevalence, distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) in Belgian pig farms has been investigated. To that end, nasal samples were collected from 1,500 pigs on 50 farms randomly selected over Belgium. Both closed (breeding or farrow-to-finish) and open (fattening) farms were included. Within closed farms different age groups were investigated. A total number of 663 (44%) pigs belonging to 34 (68%) farms carried MRSA. According to their management practice, MRSA was detected on 94% of the open farms and 56% of the closed farms. Focusing on the in-herd prevalence among fattening pigs for both management systems, a significantly higher rate was found in open farms (72%) compared to closed farms (26%). Within the closed farms, piglets (41%) showed a higher MRSA prevalence than sows (26%) and fattening pigs (26%). All strains tested were ST398 and showed mainly\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    -type t011, as commonly found on pig herds in Europe. Less dominating\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spa<\/jats:italic>\n                    -types were t034, t567, and t2970. The MRSA strains carried two SCC\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    -types, type IVa or V. All 643 MRSA strains were resistant to tetracycline and additional resistances to trimethoprim (97%), lincosamides (73%), macrolides (56%), aminoglycosides (48%), and fluoroquinolones (32%) were found. Multiresistance (defined as resistance to four or more non-\u03b2-lactam antimicrobial classes) was found in 63% of the tested strains. In conclusion, a high prevalence of MRSA was found in Belgian pig farms, with the highest prevalence in open farms. In accordance with other European countries, age-related and management-related differences in MRSA prevalence were observed that should be considered when control strategies are outlined.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T03:42:54Z","timestamp":1321501374000},"page":"125-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Among Pigs in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Florence","family":"Cromb\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CODA-CERVA-VAR","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenda","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CODA-CERVA-VAR","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Dispas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CODA-CERVA-VAR","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Hallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Suetens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Institute of Public Health","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Gordts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal platform for Infection ZiekenhuisNetwerk Antwerpen","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Struelens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Butaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CODA-CERVA-VAR","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02260-10","article-title":"Virulence and resistance determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates from nonhuman sources","volume":"77","author":"Argudin M.A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Argudin M.A., , Tenhagen B.A., , Fetsch A., , Sachsenroder J., , Kasbohrer A., , Schroeter A., , Hammerl J.A., , Hertwig S., , Helmuth R., , Braunig J., , Mendoza M.C., , Appel B., , Rodicio M.R., , Guerra B. 2001. Virulence and resistance determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates from nonhuman sources. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 77:3052\u20133060.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.10.008","article-title":"Heterogeneity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Italian pig finishing holdings","volume":"142","author":"Battisti A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Battisti A., , Franco A., , Merialdi G., , Hasman H., , Iurescia M., , Lorenzetti R., , Feltrin F., , Zini M., , Aarestrup F.M. 2011. Heterogeneity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Italian pig finishing holdings. Vet. Microbiol., 142:361\u2013366.","journal-title":"Vet. 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Molecular epidemiology of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causing bloodstream infections in patients admitted to Belgian hospitals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 50:755\u2013757.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.080652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4081\/vsd.2011.2103","article-title":"Sampling, prevalence and characterization of methicilling-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on two Belgian pig farms","volume":"1","author":"Dewaele I.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dewaele I., , Messens W., , De Man I., , Delputte P., , Herman L., , Butaye P., , Heyndrickx M., , Rasschaert G. 2011. Sampling, prevalence and characterization of methicilling-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on two Belgian pig farms. Vet. Sci. Dev, 1:e1, 1.4081\/vsd.2011.1.","journal-title":"Vet. Sci. 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