{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:24:14Z","timestamp":1777922654451,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study was to develop and analyze\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    azithromycin (AZM)-resistant mutants of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Three clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and one\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from feces samples collected from children under 5 years of age with diarrhea in Lima, Peru were inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton plates containing increasing serial dilutions of AZM ranging from their specific minimal inhibitory concentration (2 or 4\u2009mg\/l) to 64\u2009mg\/l. From these plates, 16 AZM-resistant mutants were selected to determine the stability of the resistance and the presence of cross resistance with other antibiotics. The role of Phe-Arg-\u03b2-Naphthylamide (PA\u03b2N)-inhibitible efflux pumps as well as the presence of mutations in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rplV, rplD<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rrlH<\/jats:italic>\n                    (23S rRNA) genes and alterations in the outer membrane profiles were determined in these 16 mutants. The rate of mutation ranged from &lt;\u20092.70\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 2.17\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                    for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and from &lt;\u20099.58\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 1.05\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                    for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants showed an increase in the AZM-MIC up to sixfold with one strain achieving a MIC &gt;256\u2009mg\/l. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                    only presented increases of up to twofold in MIC levels. All the strains obtained, but one showed stable AZM resistance. In the presence of PA\u03b2N, the AZM MICs decreased to parental levels in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants, while no MIC returned to parental levels among the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants. No cross resistance to other classes of antibiotics was found. These results show the relevance of PA\u03b2N-inhibitible efflux pumps in the basal levels and development of AZM resistance. Further studies to characterize the remaining unidentified mechanisms of AZM resistance are needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T20:14:40Z","timestamp":1353701680000},"page":"88-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Development and Analysis of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Shigella boydii<\/i>\n                    Azithromycin\u2013Resistant Mutants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona)","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona)","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Magallon-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona)","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Lluque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Mosquito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Riveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa J.","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cayetano Heredia","place":["Peru"]},{"name":"University of Texas School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-Universitat de Barcelona)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP)","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.029","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in a very remote Amazonas community","volume":"33","author":"Bartoloni A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartoloni A., , Pallechi L., , Rodriguez H., , Fernandez C., , Mantella A., , Bartalesi F., , Strohmeyer M., , Kristiansson C., , Gotuzzo E., , Paradisi F., , Rossolini G.M. 2009. 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