{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:24:35Z","timestamp":1777922675637,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Benzalkonium chloride is one of the invaluable biocides that is extensively used in healthcare settings as well as in the food processing industry. After exposing wild-type\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium 14028s or its AcrAB inactivation mutant to gradually increasing levels of benzalkonium chloride, resistance mutants S-41, S-150, S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73 were selected and these mutants also showed a 2\u201364-fold stable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increase to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. In S-41 and S-150, the expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    was increased 2.7- and 7.6-fold, and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tolC<\/jats:italic>\n                    or \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrAB<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants of S-41 and S-150 showed the same MICs to all tested antimicrobials as the equivalent\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium 14028s mutants. However, in S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73, the expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrF<\/jats:italic>\n                    was increased 96-, 230-, and 267-fold, respectively, and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tolC<\/jats:italic>\n                    or \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrEF<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants of S-AB-23, S-AB-38, and S-AB-73 showed the similar MICs to all tested antimicrobials as the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tolC<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium 14028s. Our data showed that constitutively over-expressed AcrAB working through TolC was the main resistance mechanism in ST14028s benzalkonium chloride resistance mutants. However, after AcrAB had been inactivated, benzalkonium chloride-resistant mutants could still be selected and constitutively over-expressed, AcrEF became the dominant efflux pump working through TolC and being responsible for the increasing antimicrobial resistance. These data indicated that different mechanisms existed for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrF<\/jats:italic>\n                    constitutive over-expression. Since exposure to benzalkonium chloride may lead to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants with a decreased susceptibility to quinolones, which is currently one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of life-threatening salmonelosis, research into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the benzalkonium chloride resistance mutants will be of increasing importance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,29]],"date-time":"2013-08-29T10:40:45Z","timestamp":1377772845000},"page":"11-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Resistant Mechanism Study of Benzalkonium Chloride Selected\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium Mutants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3729-3735.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.73-78.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.595","article-title":"Susceptibilities to antimicrobials and disinfectants in Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry and swine in Thailand","volume":"70","author":"Chuanchuen R.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chuanchuen R., , Pathanasophon P., , Khemtong S., , Wannaprasat W., , and Padungtod P.. 2008. 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