{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:24:57Z","timestamp":1777922697889,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multidrug resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and related genera is uncommon and has not been described in Latin America until now. We studied phenotypically and genotypically the multidrug resistance of 10 clinical strains of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    , two of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Parabacteroides distasonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and one of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    recovered in a national hospital between 2006 and 2010. To this end, we determined minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin, amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, imipenem, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and metronidazole using\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    -tests, evaluated the isolates for \u03b2-lactamases with nitrocefin hydrolysis tests, performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based screening of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nim<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, obtained partial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences, and studied the effect of tazobactam and efflux pump inhibitors (EPI) on the MIC of cefotaxime, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Three isolates were resistant to four different classes of antibiotics and 10 were resistant to three. \u03b2-lactam resistance was in most cases due to \u03b2-lactamases susceptible of partial inhibition by tazobactam. Ten isolates were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cfxA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive and two isolates had\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cepA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Twelve isolates were highly resistant to clindamycin and nine were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin. However, these phenotypes were not linked to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ermA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ermB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ermF<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ermG<\/jats:italic>\n                    or mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Addition of EPI lowered the MICs of clindamycin and ciprofloxacin of one and four isolates, respectively. Twelve isolates had\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tetQ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and four were positive for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tetM<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In both cases, genes of the two-component system RteAB accompanied\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. Although metronidazole susceptibility was universal,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nim<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were not present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multidrug resistance due to less commonly identified or alternative mechanisms in strains of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and related species from a developing country.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T14:59:41Z","timestamp":1394204381000},"page":"478-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant\n                    <i>Bacteroides<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Parabacteroides<\/i>\n                    spp., and\n                    <i>Pseudoflavonifractor<\/i>\n                    from a Costa Rican Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloriana","family":"Barrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Quesada-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1238-1243.2001","article-title":"Multicenter survey of the changing in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus species","volume":"45","author":"Aldridge K.E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aldridge K.E., , Ashcraft D., , Cambre K., , Pierson C.L., , Jenkins S.G., , and Rosenblatt J.E. 2001. Multicenter survey of the changing in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45:1238\u20131243.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00354-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of strains of Bacteroides fragilis group isolated from the intestinal tract of children and adults in Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Avelar K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Avelar K., , Vieira J., , Antunes L., , Lobo L., , Antunes E., , Domingues R., , and Ferreira M. 2001. Antimicrobial resistance of strains of Bacteroides fragilis group isolated from the intestinal tract of children and adults in Brazil. Int. J. Antimicrobial. Agents., 18:129\u2013134.","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrobial. Agents."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45930-0","article-title":"Penicillin-binding proteins of Bacteroides fragilis and their role in the resistance to imipenem of clinical isolates","volume":"54","author":"Ayala J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ayala J., , Quesada A., , Vadillo S., , Criado J., , and Piriz S. 2005. Penicillin-binding proteins of Bacteroides fragilis and their role in the resistance to imipenem of clinical isolates. J. Med. Microbiol., 54:1055\u20131064.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.02.003","article-title":"Detection of resistance genes and susceptibility patterns in Bacteroides and Parabacteroides strains","volume":"16","author":"Boente R.F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boente R.F., , Ferreira L.Q., , Falcao L.S., , Miranda K.R., , Guimaraes P.L., , Santos-Filho J., , Vieira J.M.B., , Barroso D.E., , Emond J.P., , Ferreira E.O., , Paula G.R., , and Domingues R.M.C.P. 2010. Detection of resistance genes and susceptibility patterns in Bacteroides and Parabacteroides strains. Anaerobe., 16:190\u2013194.","journal-title":"Anaerobe."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.7.3177","article-title":"Sequence of the adenine methylase gene of the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pAMIl","volume":"15","author":"Brehm J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Brehm J., , Salmond G., , and Minton N. 1987. Sequence of the adenine methylase gene of the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pAMIl. Nucleic Acids Res., 15:3177\u20133230.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.016725-0","article-title":"Proposal to unify Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991 and Eubacterium plautii (S\u00e9guin 1928) Hofstad and Aasjord 1982, with description of Flavonifractor plautii gen. nov., comb. nov., and reassignment of Bacteroides capillosus to Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus gen. nov., comb. nov.","volume":"60","author":"Carlier J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlier J., , Bedora M., , K'ouas G., , Alauzet C., , and Mory F. 2010. Proposal to unify Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991 and Eubacterium plautii (S\u00e9guin 1928) Hofstad and Aasjord 1982, with description of Flavonifractor plautii gen. nov., comb. nov., and reassignment of Bacteroides capillosus to Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus gen. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 60:585\u2013590.","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra I.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chopra I., , and Roberts M. 2001. Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 65:231\u2013260.","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.1.5","article-title":"Host range of the ermF rRNA methylase gene in bacteria of human and animal origin","volume":"43","author":"Chung W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chung W., , Werckenthin C., , Schwarz S., , and Roberts M. 1999. Host range of the ermF rRNA methylase gene in bacteria of human and animal origin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 43:5\u201314.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"506","article-title":"The erythromycin resistance nearly identical to ermG from Bacillus sphaericus","volume":"40","author":"Cooper A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cooper A., , Shoemaker N., , and Salyers A. 1996. The erythromycin resistance nearly identical to ermG from Bacillus sphaericus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40:506\u2013508.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Hazard prioritization and risk characterization of antibiotics in an irrigated Costa Rican region used for intensive crop, livestock, and aquaculture farming","volume":"35","author":"de la Cruz E.","unstructured":"de la Cruz E., , Fournier M.L., Garc\u00eda F., , Molina A., , Chavarr\u00eda G., , Alfaro M., Ram\u00edrez F., , and Rodr\u00edguez C.. Hazard prioritization and risk characterization of antibiotics in an irrigated Costa Rican region used for intensive crop, livestock, and aquaculture farming. J. Environ. Biol., 35:85\u201398.","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Farmacolog\u00eda","author":"Finkel R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finkel R., , Clarck M., , and Cubeddu L.. 2009. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Farmacolog\u00eda, 4th edition. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0624-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria in Belgium as determined by E-test methodology","volume":"28","author":"Glupczynski Y.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Glupczynski Y., , Berhin C., , and Nizet H. 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria in Belgium as determined by E-test methodology. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 28:261\u2013267.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-2-123","article-title":"RecA and glnA sequences separate the Bacteroides fragilis population into two genetic divisions associated with the antibiotic resistance genotypes cepA and cfiA","volume":"51","author":"Gutacker M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gutacker M., , Valsangiacomo C., , and Bernasconi M. 2002. RecA and glnA sequences separate the Bacteroides fragilis population into two genetic divisions associated with the antibiotic resistance genotypes cepA and cfiA. J. Med. Microbiol., 51:123\u2013130.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2005.10.004","article-title":"Anaerobes: antibiotic resistance, clinical significance, and the role of susceptibility testing","volume":"12","author":"Hecht D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hecht D. 2006. Anaerobes: antibiotic resistance, clinical significance, and the role of susceptibility testing. Anaerobe, 12:115\u2013121.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00674.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group isolates in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Hedberg M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hedberg M., , and Nord C. 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group isolates in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 9:475\u2013488.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.11.003","article-title":"New cfiA variant and novel insertion sequence elements in carbapenem-resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates from Korea","volume":"66","author":"Ho K.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ho K., , Kim S., , Kimd C., , Hwa J., , Sook K., , Yongb D., , Jeongb C., , and Leeb K. 2010. New cfiA variant and novel insertion sequence elements in carbapenem-resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates from Korea. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 66:343\u2013348.","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02430.x","article-title":"Effect of the proton motive force inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"47","author":"Ikonomidis A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ikonomidis A., , Tsakris A., , Kanellopoulou M., , Maniatis A.N., , and Pournaras S. 2008. Effect of the proton motive force inhibitor carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 47:298\u2013302.","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00316-06","article-title":"Two cases of infections due to multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis group strains","volume":"44","author":"Katsandri A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katsandri A., , Papaparaskevas J., , Pantazatou A., , Petrikkos G., , Thomopoulos G., , Houhoula D., , and Avlamis A. 2006. Two cases of infections due to multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis group strains. J. Clin. Microbiol., 44:3465\u20133467.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2008.02.004","article-title":"Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinically isolated anaerobic bacteria by E-test, ATB-ANA and agar dilution","volume":"14","author":"Koru O.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koru O., , and Ozyurt M. 2008. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinically isolated anaerobic bacteria by E-test, ATB-ANA and agar dilution. Anaerobe, 14:161\u2013165.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.883-888.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02529967","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments","volume":"164","author":"Muyzer G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Muyzer G., , Teske A., , and Wirsen C. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of Thiomicrospira species and their identification in deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments. Arch. Microbiol., 164:165\u2013172.","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; approved standard","author":"[NCCLS] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards","year":"2012","unstructured":"[NCCLS] National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2012. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; approved standard. M11-A8, 8th edition. NCCLS, Wayne, PA.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.1977-1981.2001","article-title":"gyrA mutations associated with quinolone resistance in Bacteroides fragilis group strains","volume":"45","author":"Oh H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oh H., , El A.N., , Davies T., , Appelbaum P., , and Edlund C. 2001. gyrA mutations associated with quinolone resistance in Bacteroides fragilis group strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45:1977\u20131981.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2423","article-title":"Molecular cloning of the gyrA and gyrB genes of Bacteroides fragilis encoding DNA gyrase","volume":"43","author":"Onodera Y.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Onodera Y., , and Sato K.K. 1999. Molecular cloning of the gyrA and gyrB genes of Bacteroides fragilis encoding DNA gyrase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43:2423\u20132429.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl278","article-title":"Clinical significance of overexpression of multiple RND-family efflux pumps in Bacteroides fragilis isolates","volume":"58","author":"Pumbwe L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pumbwe L., , Chang A., , Smith R., , and Wexler H. 2006. Clinical significance of overexpression of multiple RND-family efflux pumps in Bacteroides fragilis isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 58:543\u2013548.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.03.006","article-title":"Scarce detection of erm genes linked to tetQ among 100 isolates of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides from two Costa Rican hospitals and the community","volume":"21","author":"Quesada-G\u00f3mez C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quesada-G\u00f3mez C., , Rodr\u00edguez-Cavallini E., , and Rodr\u00edguez C. 2013. Scarce detection of erm genes linked to tetQ among 100 isolates of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides from two Costa Rican hospitals and the community. Anaerobe, 21:18\u201321.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1344-1346.2004","article-title":"Role of topoisomerase mutations and efflux in fluoroquinolone resistance of Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates and laboratory mutants","volume":"48","author":"Ricci V.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ricci V., , Peterson M., , and Rotschafer J. 2004. Role of topoisomerase mutations and efflux in fluoroquinolone resistance of Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates and laboratory mutants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48:1344\u20131346.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria from a regional hospital in Costa Rica","volume":"4","author":"Rivera-Ruiz D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rivera-Ruiz D., , Quesada-G\u00f3mez C., , and Rodr\u00edguez-Cavallini E. 2010. Antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria from a regional hospital in Costa Rica. Rev. M\u00e9d. UCR., 4:79\u201383.","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d. UCR."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"Roberts M. 2012. Distribution of tet resistance genes among Gram-negative bacteria. Available at http:\/\/faculty.washington.edu\/marilynr\/tetweb2.pdf (Online)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01145.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1075-9964(03)00058-1","article-title":"Acquired tetracycline and\/or macrolide-lincosamides-streptogramin resistance in anaerobes","volume":"9","author":"Roberts M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roberts M. 2003. Acquired tetracycline and\/or macrolide-lincosamides-streptogramin resistance in anaerobes. Anaerobe, 9:63\u201369.","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Grupo Bacteroides fragilis en heces humanas no diarreicas y su sensibilidad antimicrobiana","volume":"19","author":"Rodr\u00edguez E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez E., , Gamboa M.M., , Rodr\u00edguez C., and Vargas P.. 2006. Grupo Bacteroides fragilis en heces humanas no diarreicas y su sensibilidad antimicrobiana. Rev. Esp. Quimioter. 19:357\u2013362.","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03419.x","article-title":"Phenotypic identification of over 1000 isolates of anaerobic bacteria recovered between 1999 and 2008 in a mayor Costa Rican hospital","volume":"17","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cavallini E.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cavallini E., , Vargas P., , Rodr\u00edguez C., , Quesada-G\u00f3mez C., , and Gamboa-Coronado M.M. 2011. Phenotypic identification of over 1000 isolates of anaerobic bacteria recovered between 1999 and 2008 in a mayor Costa Rican hospital. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 17:1043\u20131047.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.14.4376-4384.1994","article-title":"Insertional activation of cepA leads to high-level beta-lactamase expression in Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates","volume":"176","author":"Rogers M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rogers M., , Bennett T., , Payne C., , and Smith C. 1994. Insertional activation of cepA leads to high-level beta-lactamase expression in Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates. J. Bacteriol., 176:4376\u20134384.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64192-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4127-4129.2004","article-title":"Isolation of metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides fragilis carrying the nimA nitroreductase gene from a patient in Washington State","volume":"42","author":"Schapiro J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schapiro J., , Gupta R., , Stefansson E., , Fang F, , and Limaye A. 2004. Isolation of metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides fragilis carrying the nimA nitroreductase gene from a patient in Washington State. J. Clin. Microbiol., 42:4127\u20134129.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"621","article-title":"Multi-drug resistant Bacteroides fragilis recovered from blood and severe leg wounds caused by an improvised explosive device (IED) in Afghanistan","volume":"79","author":"Sherwood J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sherwood J., , Fraser S., , Citron D., , Wexler H., , Blakely G., , Jobling K., , and Patrick S. 2011. Multi-drug resistant Bacteroides fragilis recovered from blood and severe leg wounds caused by an improvised explosive device (IED) in Afghanistan. Aust. Vet. J., 79:621\u2013623.","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.4.1313-1320.1992","article-title":"Evidence for natural transfer of a tetracycline resistance gene between bacteria from the human colon and bacteria from the bovine rumen","volume":"58","author":"Shoemaker N.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shoemaker N., , Wang G., , and Salyers A. 1992. Evidence for natural transfer of a tetracycline resistance gene between bacteria from the human colon and bacteria from the bovine rumen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58:1313\u20131320.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"256","article-title":"Monitoring of antibiotic resistance of Gram negative anaerobes","volume":"38","author":"Singer E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singer E., , Calvet L., , Mory F., , Muller C., , Chomarat M., , B\u00e9zian M.C., , Bland S., , Juvenin M.E., , Drugeon H., , Fosse T., , Goldstein F., , Jaulhac B., , Monteil H., , Marchandin H., , Jean-Pierre H., , and Dubreuil L. 2008. Monitoring of antibiotic resistance of Gram negative anaerobes. Med. Mal. Infect., 38:256\u2013263.","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1086\/341934","article-title":"National survey on the susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group: report and analysis of trends for 1997\u20132000","volume":"35","author":"Snydman D.R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Snydman D.R., , Jacobus N.V., , McDermott L.A., , Ruthazer R., , Goldstein E.J.C., , Finegold S.M., , Harrell L.J., , Hecht D.W., , Jenkins S.G., , Pierson C., , Venezia R., , Rihs J., , and Gorbach S.L. 2002. National survey on the susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group: report and analysis of trends for 1997\u20132000. Clin. Infect. Dis., 35:S126\u2013S134.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1086\/647940","article-title":"Lessons learned from the anaerobe survey: historical perspective and review of the most recent data (2005\u20132007)","volume":"50","author":"Snydman D.R.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snydman D.R., , Jacobus N.V., , McDermott L.A., , Golan Y., , Hecht D., , Goldstein E., , Harrell L., , Jenkins S., , Newton D., , Pierson C., , Rihs J., , Yu V., , Venezia R., , Finegold S., , Rosenblatt J., , and Gorbach S. 2010. Lessons learned from the anaerobe survey: historical perspective and review of the most recent data (2005\u20132007). Clin. Infect. Dis., 50:26\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5495\/wjcid.v3.i1","article-title":"Extended role for insertion sequence elements in the antibiotic resistance of Bacteroides","volume":"3","author":"S\u00f3ki J","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00f3ki J. 2013. Extended role for insertion sequence elements in the antibiotic resistance of Bacteroides. World J. Clin. Infect. Dis., 3:1\u201312.","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05452-0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of imipenem-resistant, cfiA-positive Bacteroides fragilis isolates from the USA, Hungary and Kuwait","volume":"53","author":"S\u00f3ki J.","year":"2004","unstructured":"S\u00f3ki J., , Fodor E., , Hecht D., , Edwards R., , Rotimi V., , Kerekes I., , Urb\u00e1n E., , and Nagy E. 2004. Molecular characterization of imipenem-resistant, cfiA-positive Bacteroides fragilis isolates from the USA, Hungary and Kuwait. J. Med. Microbiol., 53:413\u2013419.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr339","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the effector mechanisms of cefoxitin resistance among Bacteroides strains","volume":"66","author":"S\u00f3ki J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00f3ki J., , Gonz\u00e1lez S.M., , Urb\u00e1n E., , Nagy E., , and Ayala J.A. 2011. Molecular analysis of the effector mechanisms of cefoxitin resistance among Bacteroides strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 66:2492\u20132500.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47242-0","article-title":"Coincidence of bft and cfiA genes in a multi-resistant clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis","volume":"56","author":"Terhes G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terhes G., , Brazier J., , S\u00f3ki J., , Urb\u00e1n E., , and Nagy E. 2007. Coincidence of bft and cfiA genes in a multi-resistant clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis. J. Med. Microbiol., 56:1416\u20131418.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2078-2084.1996","article-title":"Detection by PCR of the nim genes encoding 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Bacteroides spp","volume":"34","author":"Trinh S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Trinh S., , and Reysset G. 1996. Detection by PCR of the nim genes encoding 5-nitroimidazole resistance in Bacteroides spp. J. Clin. Microbiol., 34:2078\u20132084.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2807-2815.2005","article-title":"Sixteen homologs of the Mex-type multidrug resistance efflux pump in Bacteroides fragilis","volume":"49","author":"Ueda O.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ueda O., , Wexler H., , Hirai K., , Shibata Y., , Yoshimura F., , and Fujimura S. 2005. Sixteen homologs of the Mex-type multidrug resistance efflux pump in Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49:2807\u20132815.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.306-325.2005","article-title":"Metallo-\u00df-Lactamases: the quiet before the storm?","volume":"18","author":"Walsh T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walsh T., , Toleman M., , and Poirel L. 2005. Metallo-\u00df-Lactamases: the quiet before the storm?. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 18:306\u2013325.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.9.2548-2557.2004","article-title":"Regulation of a Bacteroides operon that controls excision and transfer of the conjugative transposon CTnDOT","volume":"186","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Y., , Shoemaker N., , and Salyers A. 2004. Regulation of a Bacteroides operon that controls excision and transfer of the conjugative transposon CTnDOT. J. Bacteriol., 186:2548\u20132557.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1086\/428623","article-title":"Anaerobic sepsis due to multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis: microbiological cure and clinical response with linezolid therapy","volume":"40","author":"Wareham D.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wareham D., , Wilks M., , Ahmed D., , Brazier J., , and Millarb M. 2005. Anaerobic sepsis due to multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis: microbiological cure and clinical response with linezolid therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis., 40:67\u201368.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2174\/157489109787236256","article-title":"Inhibitors of multidrug resistant efflux systems in bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Zechini B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zechini B., , and Versace I. 2009. Inhibitors of multidrug resistant efflux systems in bacteria. Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov., 4:37\u201350.","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182002019200005","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n de \u00df-lactamasas de espectro extendido en el laboratorio de microbiolog\u00eda","volume":"19","author":"Zemelman R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zemelman R., , Valenzuela L., , Dom\u00ednguez M., , Bello H., , Gonz\u00e1lez G., , and Zemelman C. 2002. Detecci\u00f3n de \u00df-lactamasas de espectro extendido en el laboratorio de microbiolog\u00eda. Rev. Chil. Infect., 19:92\u201395.","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Infect."}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:28:10Z","timestamp":1777667290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2013.0180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}}}