{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T16:56:19Z","timestamp":1789923379429,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a global health concern. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of MDR\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains in Iran.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were obtained from cultured gastric biopsy samples on selective culture media after their characterization by PCR and conventional biochemical methods. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, and tetracycline were determined for 111 strains that were isolated from 197 dyspeptic patients by the agar dilution method. The primary resistance rates were 61.3% (68\/111) for metronidazole, 15.3% (17\/111) for ampicillin, and 14.4% (16\/111) for rifampicin. Resistance rates for other antimicrobials were as follows: macrolides (erythromycin or clarithromycin) 32.4% (36\/111) and quinolones (levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin) 30.6% (34\/111). Among the resistant strains, the rates of double and multiple drug resistance phenotypes were 22.6% (19\/84) and 34.5% (29\/84), respectively. The quadruple drug resistance phenotype encompasses 37.9% of the MDR strains, of which 90% of them was resistant to metronidazole. In conclusion, these results showed a high frequency of MDR phenotypes among the studied\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains in Iran. The eradication of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains presenting high resistance rates to macrolides, fluoroquinolones, or metronidazole could be achieved by approved tetracycline- or amoxicillin-containing regimens as alternative regimens to standard triple therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]],"date-time":"2014-10-10T12:43:32Z","timestamp":1412945012000},"page":"105-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Prevalence of Multiple Drug-Resistant\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    Strains Among Patients with Different Gastric Disorders in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Shokrzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Alebouyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabassom","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Farzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Zali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]},{"name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07424.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-4-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.009993-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-9-786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01396.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"M100","volume-title":"CLSI document","author":"[CLSI] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2010","unstructured":"[CLSI] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2010. 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