{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:25:28Z","timestamp":1777922728565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objectives:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA), in particular clonal complex (CC) 398, is increasingly found in livestock. Recently, MRSA CC30 was identified in Danish pigs. We determined the susceptibility of porcine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates of CC398 and CC30 to disinfectants used in pig farming (benzalkonium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, and caustic soda). Furthermore, efflux pump activity, antimicrobial resistance profiles, hemolysis properties, and the presence of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)-encoding virulence factors were investigated.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Susceptibilities to biocides and antimicrobial agents of 79 porcine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were determined by the microdilution method. Isolates comprised 21 methicillin-sensitive\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MSSA) and 40 MRSA isolates belonging to CC398 and 13 MSSA and 5 MRSA isolates belonging to CC30. The presence of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance efflux pumps was analyzed using an ethidium bromide accumulation assay. The presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qac<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance genes in active efflux pump positive isolates was determined by whole-genome sequencing data. All isolates were screened for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">lukPV<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tst<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes with PCR, and hemolytic activities were determined using an agar plate assay.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates did not show reduced susceptibility to the biocides tested. However, the QAC resistance gene,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qacG<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was detected in three MRSA CC30 isolates and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qacC<\/jats:italic>\n                    in one MRSA CC30 isolate. CC30 isolates were generally more susceptible to non-beta-lactam antibiotics than CC398. Isolates generally had low hemolytic activity and none encoded PVL or TSST-1.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    The presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qac<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in European porcine\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates and in livestock-associated MRSA CC30 is for the first time described in this study. This finding is concerning as it ultimately may compromise disinfection with QACs and thereby contribute to the selection and spread of MRSA CC30.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,2]],"date-time":"2015-10-02T15:58:57Z","timestamp":1443801537000},"page":"527-536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Biocide Susceptibility of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    CC398 and CC30 Isolates from Pigs and Identification of the Biocide Resistance Genes,\n                    <i>qacG<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>qacC<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Maria Amalie","family":"Seier-Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lene N\u00f8rby","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Ingmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank M\u00f8ller","family":"Aarestrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Agers\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547662","article-title":"Staphylococcal and other bacterial species associated with intramammary infections in Danish dairy herds","volume":"36","author":"Aarestrup F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aarestrup F., , Wegener H., , Rosdahl V., , and Jensen N. 1995. Staphylococcal and other bacterial species associated with intramammary infections in Danish dairy herds. Acta. Vet. Scand., 36:475\u2013487.","journal-title":"Acta. Vet. Scand."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00197-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00679-07","article-title":"A nonsense mutation in agrA accounts for the defect in agr expression and the avirulence of Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 traP::kan","volume":"75","author":"Adhikari R.P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adhikari R.P., , Arvidson S., , and Novick R.P. 2007. A nonsense mutation in agrA accounts for the defect in agr expression and the avirulence of Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 traP::kan. Infect. Immun., 75:4534\u20134540.","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Agers\u00f8 Y. New LA-MRSA Clones Emerging in Pigs: An Insight into ST433 3rd ASM-ESCMID Conference on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Animals: Veterinary and Public Health Implications November 4\u20137 2013 Copenhagen Denmark (Abstract No. S4:3)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903765826697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.11.3606-3612.2002","article-title":"Organization of the antiseptic resistance gene qacA and Tn552-related \u03b2-lactamase genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains of animal and human origins","volume":"46","author":"Anthonisen I.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anthonisen I., , Sunde M., , Steinum T.M., , Sidhu M.S., , and S\u00f8rum H. 2002. Organization of the antiseptic resistance gene qacA and Tn552-related \u03b2-lactamase genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains of animal and human origins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:3606\u20133612.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07487-11","article-title":"Genotypes, exotoxin gene content, and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from foods and food handlers","volume":"78","author":"Argud\u00edn M.a.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Argud\u00edn M.a., , Mendoza M.C., , Gonz\u00e1lez-Hevia M.a., , Bances M., , Guerra B., , and Rodicio M.R.. 2012. Genotypes, exotoxin gene content, and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from foods and food handlers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 78:2930\u20132935.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. 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