{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:11:25Z","timestamp":1791292285379,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"\n In addition to intrinsic resistance in\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n , many different types of acquired resistance mechanisms have been reported, including the presence of VIM and IMP metallo \u03b2-lactamases and also of\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>\n and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-58-like<\/jats:sub>\n enzymes. In the Kurdistan region of Iraq, the multiresistant\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n -\n calcoaceticus<\/jats:italic>\n complex is prevalent. We characterized the different mechanisms of resistance present in clinical isolates collected from different wards and different hospitals from the Kurdistan region. One hundred twenty clinical nonduplicate\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n -\n calcoaceticus<\/jats:italic>\n complex isolates were collected from four hospitals between January 2012 and October 2013. The identification of the isolates was confirmed by MALDI-TOF. The susceptibility to different antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion and analyzed in accordance to EUCAST guidelines. By PCR, the presence of\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-51-like<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24-like<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-58-like<\/jats:sub>\n genes was determined as well as the presence of the insertion element IS\n Aba1.<\/jats:italic>\n Clonal diversity was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the restriction enzyme\n Apa<\/jats:italic>\n I and, in addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on a selected subset of 15 isolates. All 120\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n isolates harbored\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-51-like<\/jats:sub>\n genes. One hundred one out of 110 (92%) imipenem (IMP)-resistant\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n -\n calcoaceticus<\/jats:italic>\n complex isolates additionally carried the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>\n gene and four isolates (3%) were positive for\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24-like.<\/jats:sub>\n All 101\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>\n -positive isolates had the IS\n Aba1<\/jats:italic>\n insertion sequence, 1,600\u2009bp upstream of the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23-like<\/jats:sub>\n gene. The\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-58-like<\/jats:sub>\n gene was not detected in any of the 110 IMP-resistant strains. Eight different PFGE clusters were identified and distributed over the different hospitals. MLST analysis performed on a subset of 15 representative isolates revealed the presence of the international clone ST2 (Pasteur). Besides ST2 (Pasteur), also many other STs (Pasteur) were encountered such as ST136, ST94, ST623, ST792, and ST793, all carrying the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23<\/jats:sub>\n gene. In clinical\n A. baumannii-calcoaceticus<\/jats:italic>\n complex isolates from Kurdistan-Iraq, the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-23<\/jats:sub>\n gene in combination with the upstream ISA\n ba<\/jats:italic>\n 1 insertion element is largely responsible for carbapenem resistance. Several small clusters of identical genotypes were found from patients admitted to the same ward and during overlapping time periods, suggesting transmission within the hospital. Identification of source(s) and limiting the transmission of these strains to patients needs to be prioritized.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T15:47:13Z","timestamp":1458661633000},"page":"627-637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["OXA-Carbapenemases Present in Clinical\n Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus<\/i>\n Complex Isolates from Patients in Kurdistan Region, Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Aryann R.","family":"Ganjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawler Medical University","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delshad M.","family":"Maghdid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isam Y.","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawler Medical University","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dik J.","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette A.","family":"Severin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri A.","family":"Verbrugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Kreft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. H.","family":"Fatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kalar Technical Institute","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Alnakshabandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawler Medical University","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Dlnya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sulaimani University","place":["Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette M.","family":"Hammerum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institute","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institute","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wil","family":"Goessens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000200001","article-title":"Multiresistance and endemic status of Acinetobacter baumannii associated with nosocomial infections in a tunisian hospital: a critical situation in the intensive care units","volume":"42","author":"Ben Othman A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ben Othman A., , Zribi M., , Masmoudi A., , Abdellatif S., , Ben Lakhal S., , and Fendri C. 2011. Multiresistance and endemic status of Acinetobacter baumannii associated with nosocomial infections in a tunisian hospital: a critical situation in the intensive care units. Braz. J. Microbiol., 42:415\u2013422.","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01727-13","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from a Chinese university hospital","volume":"58","author":"Deng M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deng M., , Zhu M.H., , Li J.J., , Bi S., , Sheng Z.K., , Hu F.S., et al. 2014. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from a Chinese university hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 58:297\u2013303.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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The population structure of Acinetobacter baumannii: expanding multiresistant clones from an ancestral susceptible genetic pool. Plos One, 5:e10034.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00268.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00778-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 2014. EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and\/or epidemiological importance. 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