{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:54:43Z","timestamp":1788321283758,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major concern in the healthcare of today, especially the increasing number of gram-negative bacteria producing \u03b2-lactamases such as extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs). However, little is known about the relationship of ESBL producers in humans and domestic and wild birds, especially in a low-income setting. Therefore, we studied the fecal carriage of ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in healthy humans, poultry, and wild birds in the vicinity of Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua. Three hundred fecal samples were collected during December 2012 from humans (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009100), poultry (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009100) and wild birds (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009100). The samples were examined for ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , revealing the prevalence of 27% in humans, 13% in poultry, and 8% in wild birds. Further characterization of the ESBL-producing isolates was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (NDM, CTX-M), epidemiological typing (ERIC2-PCR), multilocus sequence typing, and sequencing. ESBL producers harbored\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-22<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-3<\/jats:sub>\n                    genotypes. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    constituted the absolute majority of ESBL genes among all samples. ERIC-PCR demonstrated highly related\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    clones among humans, poultry, and wild birds. Clinically relevant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    clone ST648 was found in humans and poultry. There is a shared pool of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes between humans and domesticated and wild birds in Nicaragua, and the results suggest shared clones of ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The study adds to the notion that wild birds and poultry can pick up antibiotic-resistant bacteria of human origin and function as a melting pot of resistance. Structured surveillance programs of antimicrobial resistance and a more regulated prescription of antibiotics are warranted in Nicaragua.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T16:33:19Z","timestamp":1458750799000},"page":"682-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in Healthy Humans, Poultry, and Wild Birds in Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua\u2014A Shared Pool of\n                    <i>bla<\/i>\n                    <sub>CTX-M<\/sub>\n                    Genes and Possible Interspecies Clonal Spread of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases-Producing\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Badrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Laurell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mufti Mahmud","family":"Rakib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Ahlstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Linnaeus University","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Kalmar County Hospital","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Caceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Autonomous University of Le\u00f3n (UNAN-Le\u00f3n)","place":["Nicaragua"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef D.","family":"J\u00e4rhult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Uppsala University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7159.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.751"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01169-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01647010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.1-14.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl483"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01848.x","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in North America, 1987\u20132006","volume":"14","author":"Bush K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bush K. 2008. 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Co-occurrence of resistance genes to antibiotics, biocides and metals reveals novel insights into their co-selection potential. BMC Genomics, 16:964.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01850.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.022459-0","article-title":"Escherichia coli carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene of ST648","volume":"59","author":"Zong Z.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zong Z., , and Yu R. 2010. Escherichia coli carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene of ST648. J. Med. Microbiol., 59:1536\u20131537.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt516","article-title":"CTX-M-15-D-ST648 Escherichia coli from companion animals and horses: another pandemic clone combining multiresistance and extraintestinal virulence? 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