{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:26:29Z","timestamp":1777922789503,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 drug-resistant rate among injecting drug users is higher than that in other HIV-1-positive populations, which is generally believed to be largely due to clinical nonadherence. Little is known, however, about whether heroin abuse has a direct impact on the generation of HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations. In this study, we investigated the impacts of morphine, the active metabolite of heroin, on HIV-1 infection\/replication and HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations through an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    HIV-1-CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell system under selective pressure from two typical antiviral drugs, Lamivudine and Nevirapine. We found that morphine treatment of MT4 cells (a CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell line) significantly increased HIV-1 III B (a T-tropic viral strain) infection and replication in MT4 cells, and the effect of morphine on HIV-1 was mediated through an opioid receptor. More importantly, our results showed that morphine treatment not only induced more drug-resistant mutations under selective pressure from antiretroviral drugs but also shortened the mutations' generation time, compared with the control groups that were treated with antiretroviral drugs alone. Although the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    relevance remains to be determined, these findings provide direct\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    evidence to support the possibility that heroin abuse itself can act as an independent factor contributing to the generation of HIV-1 drug resistance during clinical antiretroviral therapy. Therapeutic guidelines should consider this issue for heroin users with HIV infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]],"date-time":"2016-07-15T12:19:56Z","timestamp":1468585196000},"page":"285-293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Morphine Increases Lamivudine- and Nevirapine-Induced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Drug-Resistant Mutations\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peijiang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institute of Acute Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daomin","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiegang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qijian","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Ruikang Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cunwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835521a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.12.001","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection","volume":"102","author":"Menendez-Arias L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Menendez-Arias L., , and Alvarez M. 2013. 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