{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:16:39Z","timestamp":1784193399028,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fluoroquinolones and ketolides are among the drugs of choice for the treatment of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. There has been a report of an emerging fluoroquinolone and telithromycin resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from the private sector of KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa that necessitates molecular investigation. The aim of this study is to characterize these resistance delineating mutations in genes commonly associated with reduced susceptibility. Ten\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates retrieved from the sputum of 10 patients with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pneumonia were subjected to sensitivity testing by the disc diffusion and CLSI broth microdilution methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing of selected genes associated with resistance were carried out, while repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) was used to ascertain clonality. Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributed to the following amino acid substitutions: S84F, D88Y in GyrA, and S84Y\/L, S138T, and M198 L change in ParC of the isolates. The plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac-(6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected for the first time in four isolates of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and D420\u2009N change was observed in ParE in one isolate. Macrolide and ketolide resistance were ascribed to the resistance genes\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mef<\/jats:italic>\n                    (A),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">msr<\/jats:italic>\n                    (D), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B) detected in the isolates. REP-PCR analysis showed that the isolates were not clonal. All the observed resistance mechanisms are first reports in Africa. There is an emerging fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. parainfluenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in South Africa that is attributable to known\/novel resistance mechanisms, necessitating the monitoring of this pathogen as a potential opportunistic pathogen in a country with a high HIV and AIDS prevalence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T16:27:18Z","timestamp":1484843238000},"page":"667-673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fluoroquinolone, Macrolide, and Ketolide Resistance in\n                    <i>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/i>\n                    from South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Regina Esinam","family":"Abotsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Govinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnee","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancet Laboratories","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabiha","family":"Essack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20122974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199107000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00221-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3996-3997.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1267-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/525919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Abotsi R.E. Moodley K. Govinden U. and Essack S.. 2015. Emerging fluoroquinolone and telithromycin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae in private sector patients in Kwazulu-Natal and Gauteng Provinces South Africa. Federation of Infectious Diseases Societies of Southern Africa Congress 2015. Drakensberg KwaZulu-Natal South Africa pp. 120\u2013175."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.2001.2337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"CLSI. 2014. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01137-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.1017-1022.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2513-2517.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-11-1031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Machuca J. Lopez-Hernandez I. Diaz de Alba P. Sarvise C. Gomez F. Rodiguez-Martinez A. and Pascual A.. 2015. Analysis of the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) in fluoroquinolone-resistant H. parainfluenzae collected in Tarragona Spain. 25th ECCMID Copenhagen Denmark p. 164."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47259-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2008.01145.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq425"}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:30:31Z","timestamp":1777667431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2016.0045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]]}}}