{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:12:01Z","timestamp":1779199921582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are membrane-associated enzymes, which are involved in the last two steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and some of them are key players in cell division. Furthermore, they are targets of \u03b2-lactams, the most widely used antibiotics. Nevertheless, very little is known about the expression and regulation of PBP genes. Using transcriptional mapping, we now determined the promoter regions of PBP genes from the laboratory strain\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    R6 and examined the expression profile of these six promoters. The extended \u221210 region is highly conserved and complies with a \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>A<\/jats:sup>\n                    -type promoter consensus sequence. In contrast, the \u221235 region is poorly conserved, indicating the possibility for differential PBP regulation. All PBP promoters were constitutively expressed and highly active during the exponential and early stationary growth phase. However, the individual expression of PBP promoters varied approximately fourfold, with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pbp1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the highest and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pbp3<\/jats:italic>\n                    the lowest. Furthermore, the deletion of one nucleotide in the spacer region of the PBP3 promoter reduced\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pbp3<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression \u223c10-fold. The addition of cefotaxime above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) did not affect PBP expression in the penicillin-sensitive R6 strain. No evidence for regulation of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    PBP genes was obtained.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T23:13:13Z","timestamp":1468451593000},"page":"487-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Promoter Identification and Transcription Analysis of Penicillin-Binding Protein Genes in\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    R6"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kaiserslautern","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Pipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kaiserslautern","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kaiserslautern","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regine","family":"Hakenbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kaiserslautern","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Denapaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kaiserslautern","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1079-1093.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00105.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2007.00095.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)02164-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.15.5152-5155.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408446200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi201326a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.20.6552-6555.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.12.3852-3856.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05954.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00184-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12588"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"3133","article-title":"From models to pathogens: how much have we learned about Streptococcus pneumoniae cell division? 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