{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:27:08Z","timestamp":1777922828052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    is one of the most prominent pathogenic bacteria in developing countries. In the battle against shigellosis and other bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has become an increasing global public health threat. Although the serious phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) has been identified as one of the top three burdens on human health, resistance mechanisms are still poorly understood at the molecular level. In this study, we analyzed genomic data and the evolution of resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    under sequential selection stress from three separate antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CRO), and tetracycline. Through whole-genome sequencing, 82 chromosomal antibiotic resistance genes were identified. Re-sequencing of the evolved populations identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that contributed to MDR and SNPs that were specific to a single drug. A total of 40 SNPs in 8 genes and 3 intergenic regions, including mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">metG<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L582R) and 1538924, 1538924, and 1538924, appeared under each antibiotic. Several nonsynonymous mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    (S464Y),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ydgA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (E378A),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rob<\/jats:italic>\n                    (R156H), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">narX<\/jats:italic>\n                    (K75E) were observed under selective pressure from CIP or CRO. Based on a bioinformatic analysis and previous reports, we discuss the contribution of these mutated genes to resistance. Therefore, more circumspect selection and use of antimicrobial drugs for treating shigellosis is necessary.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T16:54:27Z","timestamp":1504112067000},"page":"323-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genomic Analysis and Resistance Mechanisms in\n                    <i>Shigella flexneri<\/i>\n                    2a Strain 301"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuzheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fusheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"651","article-title":"Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies","volume":"77","author":"Kotloff K.L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kotloff K.L., , Winickoff J.P., , Ivanoff B., , Clemens J.D., , Swerdlow D.L., , Sansonetti P.J., , Adak G.K., , and Levine M.M., 1999. 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