{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:18:27Z","timestamp":1790702307736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycoplasma bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is considered an emerging threat to bovine production in industrialized countries. Its control depends on good husbandry and efficient chemotherapy practices. In France, clinical isolates collected after 2009 showed a drastic loss of susceptibility to most antimicrobials when compared with isolates collected in 1978\u20131979. The aim of the present study was to analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the shift toward resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines and to assess whether the clinical origin of the isolates or their molecular subtypes could have influenced their pattern of evolution. We demonstrated that all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates collected as early as 2000 should already be considered resistant to tylosin, tilmicosin, and oxytetracycline, whatever the associated clinical signs. The shift toward resistance happened earlier for oxytetracycline and more progressively for tylosin\/tilmicosin. Isolates belonging to the major subtype ST2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200940) showed a homogeneous genotype for resistance, with combined alterations of G\n                    <jats:sub>748<\/jats:sub>\n                    A and A\n                    <jats:sub>2058<\/jats:sub>\n                    G in the 23S rRNA alleles for tylosin\/tilmicosin and of A\n                    <jats:sub>965<\/jats:sub>\n                    T and A\n                    <jats:sub>967<\/jats:sub>\n                    T in the 16S rRNA alleles for oxytetracycline. The genotypes of ST3 or ST1 isolates (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099 and 25, respectively) in the process of becoming resistant were more varied. In recent years, the convergence of both ST2 and ST3 isolates toward the same resistance genotype suggests that the corresponding mutations have been selected for providing an appropriate balance between fitness cost and resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T11:25:14Z","timestamp":1486034714000},"page":"799-811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Monitoring the Decrease in Susceptibility to Ribosomal RNAs Targeting Antimicrobials and Its Molecular Basis in Clinical\n                    <i>Mycoplasma bovis<\/i>\n                    Isolates over Time"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dima","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon","place":["France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Lyon","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire A.M.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon","place":["France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Lyon","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Tardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon","place":["France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de Lyon","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Mollicutes\u2014molecular biology and pathogenesis","author":"Waites K.B.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Waites K.B., , Lysnyansky I., , and B\u00e9b\u00e9ar C.M.. 2014. Emerging antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasmas of humans and animals. In Browing G.F., and Citti C. (ed.), Mollicutes\u2014molecular biology and pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, United Kingdom, pp. 289\u2013322."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"535","volume-title":"Mycoplasmas molecular biology pathogenicity and strategies for control","author":"B\u00e9b\u00e9ar C.M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"B\u00e9b\u00e9ar C.M., , and Kempf I.. 2005. Antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance. In Blanchard A., and Browning G. (ed.), Mycoplasmas molecular biology pathogenicity and strategies for control. 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