{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:27:24Z","timestamp":1777922844539,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emergence of antimicrobial resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major public health concern globally, and new antimicrobials for treatment of gonorrhea are imperative. In this study, the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity of sitafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone mainly used for respiratory tract or urogenital infections in Japan, and additional newer generation fluoroquinolones were determined against ciprofloxacin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin, pazufloxacin, and tosufloxacin against 47\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates cultured in 2009 in Japan were determined by agar dilution method. The quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    was sequenced. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    potency of sitafloxacin was substantially higher compared with all other tested fluoroquinolones. The MICs of sitafloxacin ranged from 0.03 to 0.5\u2009mg\/L for 35 ciprofloxacin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (ciprofloxacin MICs from 2 to 32\u2009mg\/L). No identified mutations in GyrA and ParC QRDR resulted in higher sitafloxacin MIC than 0.5\u2009mg\/L. Sitafloxacin had a high activity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, including strains with mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, resulting in high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin and all other newer generation fluoroquinolones examined. However, it was still to a lower extent affected by GyrA and ParC QRDR mutations resulting in sitafloxacin MICs of up to 0.5\u2009mg\/L. This indicates that sitafloxacin should not be considered for empirical first-line monotherapy of gonorrhea. However, sitafloxacin could be valuable in a dual antimicrobial therapy and for cases with ceftriaxone resistance or allergy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T11:50:20Z","timestamp":1496663420000},"page":"30-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Activity of Sitafloxacin and Additional Newer Generation Fluoroquinolones Against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Hamasuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Occupational and Environmental Health","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Occupational and Environmental Health","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Okumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6rebro University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Occupational and Environmental Health","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. 2012. Global action plan to control the spread and impact of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. World Health Organization Geneva pp. 1\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1029-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00325-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05760-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks162","article-title":"Molecular characterization of two high-level ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates detected in Catalonia, Spain","volume":"67","author":"Camara J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Camara J., , Serra J., , Ayats J., , Bastida T., , Carnicer-Pont D., , Andreu A., , and Ardanuy C.. 2012. Molecular characterization of two high-level ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates detected in Catalonia, Spain. J. Antimicrob. 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