{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:27:40Z","timestamp":1777922860860,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are a global health threat both in hospital and in community settings. The emergence of these organisms poses major difficulty in treating infections. This study was carried out to assess major ESBL-producing uropathogens in female patients of Sikkim and Darjeeling by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Out of 1,516 urine samples, 454 uropathogens were isolated with a prevalence rate of 29.94%. Among them,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (74.3%) was the predominant type followed by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (20.1%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2.4%), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.98%). Four different ESBL genes were detected in 63 isolates, which included CTX-M (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200932), CTX-M+OXA-2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915), CTX-M-15+OXA-2+TEM (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096), OXA-2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095), TEM+CTX-M-15 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), TEM+OXA-2+SHV-76 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), and TEM (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091). All ESBL genes (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes) were found on a plasmid, which was mostly of HI1, I1, FIA+FIB, FIA, and Y types and was horizontally transferable. Among all ESBL genes,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    CTX-M-I5 group was the most prevalent. The study of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by ESBL-producing bacteria needs to be studied in other high-altitude parts of India to understand the actual burden of UTI in the female.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T15:29:09Z","timestamp":1522337349000},"page":"1284-1288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The First Report of Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Uropathogens in Sikkim and Darjeeling Hills of India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Varsha Rani","family":"Gajamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sikkim University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amitabha","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assam University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepjyoti","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assam University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Kapil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arunabha","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Bengal Medical College","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish Kr","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sikkim University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilu","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sikkim University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hare Krishna","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sikkim University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2250-y","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms causing urinary tract infections in Sri Lanka and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern\u2014a hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Fernando M.M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernando M.M., , Luke W.A., , Miththinda J.K., , Wickramasinghe R.D., , Sebastiampillai B.S., , Gunathilake M.P., , Silva F.H., , and Premaratna R.. 2017. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms causing urinary tract infections in Sri Lanka and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern\u2014a hospital-based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect. Dis., 17:138.","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1086\/500945","article-title":"Change in the epidemiology of infections due to extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\u2014producing organisms","volume":"42","author":"Jesus R.B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jesus R.B., , and Paterson D.L.. 2006. Change in the epidemiology of infections due to extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\u2014producing organisms. Clin. Infect. Dis., 42:935\u2013937.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs): a global problem","volume":"38","author":"Al-Jasser A.M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Jasser A.M. 2006. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs): a global problem. Kuwait Med. J., 38:171\u2013185.","journal-title":"Kuwait Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00015","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreaks of multiresistant bacteria. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have arrived in North America","volume":"119","author":"Medeiros A.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Medeiros A.A. 1993. Nosocomial outbreaks of multiresistant bacteria. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases have arrived in North America. Ann. Intern. Med., 119:428\u2013430.","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance mechanism of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in clinical field: a review","volume":"2","author":"Thenmozhi S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thenmozhi S., , Moorthy K., , Sureshkumar B.T., , and Suresh M.. 2014. Antibiotic resistance mechanism of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in clinical field: a review. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci., 2:207\u2013226.","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure App. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Practical medical microbiology","author":"Collee J.G.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Collee J.G., , Miles R.S., , and Wan B.. 1996. Tests for the identification of bacteria. In Mackie, and Cartney Mc (ed.), Practical medical microbiology. Elsevier, London, United Kingdom, pp. 131\u2013150."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.. 2008. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard. 3rd ed. CLSI document M31-A3. CLSI Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0138056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138056","article-title":"Genetic environment of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases from clinical and foodborne bacteria in North-Eastern India","volume":"10","author":"Upadhyay S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Upadhyay S., , Hussain A., , Mishra S., , Maurya A.P., , Bhattacharjee A., , and Joshi S.R.. 2015. Genetic environment of plasmid-mediated CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases from clinical and foodborne bacteria in North-Eastern India. PLoS One, 10:e0138056.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05420-11","article-title":"Genetic environment and stability of cfr in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CM05","volume":"56","author":"Locke J.B.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Locke J.B., , Rahawi S., , Lamarre J., , Mankin A.S., , and Shaw K.J.. 2012. Genetic environment and stability of cfr in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CM05. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 56:332\u2013340.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2011.09.003","article-title":"Plasmids in gram-negatives: molecular typing of resistance plasmids","volume":"301","author":"Carattoli A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carattoli A. 2011. Plasmids in gram-negatives: molecular typing of resistance plasmids. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 301:654\u2013658.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210001456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0770.197508","article-title":"Prevalence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M beta-lactamase genes in the urinary isolates of a tertiary care hospital","volume":"7","author":"Bajpai T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bajpai T., , Pandey M., , Varma M., , and Bhatambare G.S.. 2017. Prevalence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M beta-lactamase genes in the urinary isolates of a tertiary care hospital. Avicenna J. Med., 7:12\u201316.","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf069","article-title":"Identification of PSE and OXA beta-lactamase genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using PCR\u2013restriction fragement length polymorphism","volume":"50","author":"Bert F.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bert F. 2002. Identification of PSE and OXA beta-lactamase genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using PCR\u2013restriction fragement length polymorphism. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 50:11\u201318.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00306-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki160","article-title":"Prevalence of Amber class A and D Beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Korea","volume":"56","author":"Lee S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee S., , Park Y.J., , Kim M., , Lee H.K., , Han K., , Kang C.S., , and Kang M.W.. 2005. Prevalence of Amber class A and D Beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Korea. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 56:122\u2013127.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:32:04Z","timestamp":1777667524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}