{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:09Z","timestamp":1787008209759,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health problem that is developed upon exposure of bacteria to antimicrobial agents, and, thus, reducing or eliminating the ability of the currently available antibacterial drugs to eradicate bacterial infections. The aim of the current study was to encapsulate levofloxacin (third generation fluoroquinolones) into chitosan (CS) nanoparticles, to evaluate the antibacterial potency of the nanosized drug, and to characterize the major genetic mutations associated with the exposure of bacteria to the levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticle versus free levofloxacin. Three consecutive mutants were selected by stepwise exposure of one reference and two clinical\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates to a series of progressively increasing concentrations of levofloxacin and the levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles. Mutations in quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    and regulators of AcrAB efflux pump (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">soxR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">soxS<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) for all the selected-mutants were determined using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Mutants developed upon exposure to the nanosized drug had higher sensitivity to levofloxacin, compared with the levofloxacin-selected mutants. In addition, mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    were observed in the levofloxacin first mutants, but in the nanosized levofloxacin second mutants. In the third mutants, an additional mutation in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    and mutations in the regulators were found only in levofloxacin-selected mutants. Loading of levofloxacin into the CS nanoparticles could increase the antibacterial activity of the drug and decrease the emergence of resistant mutants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the role of antimicrobial-loaded nanoparticles in the reduction of emergence of bacterial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:50:14Z","timestamp":1518432614000},"page":"1098-1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Levofloxacin-Loaded Nanoparticles Decrease Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Safy","family":"Hadiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assiut University","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&F University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wegdan","family":"Abd El-Hammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assiut University","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Elsabahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assiut University","place":["Egypt"]},{"name":"Assiut University","place":["Egypt"]},{"name":"Texas A&M University"},{"name":"Misr University for Science and Technology","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherine A.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assiut University","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.011","article-title":"In vitro selection of resistance to pradofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in canine uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"174","author":"Liu X.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu X., , Lazzaroni C., , Aly S.A., , Thungrat K., , and Boothe D.M.. 2014. 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