{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:43:33Z","timestamp":1791517413590,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fluoroquinolones are the drug of choice for most of the infections caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and their indiscriminate use has resulted in increased selective pressure for antibiotic resistance. At present, sequencing is the only reliable and direct technique to detect mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR). In this study, a rapid and reliable mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR to detect mutations in the QRDR was evaluated and compared to PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). One hundred one clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were subjected to MAMA-PCR and PCR-RFLP to detect QRDR mutations. Overall, 92 (91.08%) resistant isolates harbored a point mutation of S83L in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Double mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    were also detected in 45 (44.55%) isolates. Similarly, 41 (40.59%) isolates possessed a point mutation at\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    80, and 25 (24.75%) isolates possessed a point mutation at\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    84. Additionally, MAMA-PCR\u2014the first of its kind\u2014was also standardized to detect mutations in regions\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    447 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parE<\/jats:italic>\n                    416, although no mutations were detected in these regions. The rapid and sensitive MAMA-PCR method evaluated in this study would be helpful in exploring the underlying mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance to enhance control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1532357556000},"page":"23-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comparison of Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay PCR and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism for Detection of Major Mutations in\n                    <i>gyrA<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>parC<\/i>\n                    of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kadeeja","family":"Jazeela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunimala","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruthi Seetharam","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Rohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Medical Mission","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Karunasagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deekshit","family":"Vijaya Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nitte University","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.13.1683","article-title":"Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from medical waste","volume":"284","author":"Johnson K.R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johnson K.R., , Braden C.R., , Cairns K.L., , Field K.W., , Colombel A.C., , Yang Z., , Woodley C.L., , Morlock G.P., , Weber A.M., , Boudreau A.Y., , and Bell T.A.. 2000. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from medical waste. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 284:1683\u20131688.","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05041-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.50.241","article-title":"Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance among prevalent urinary tract bacterial isolates in Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Iqbal J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Iqbal J., , Rahman M., , Kabir M.S., , and Rahman M.. 1997. Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance among prevalent urinary tract bacterial isolates in Bangladesh. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 50:241\u2013250.","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. 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Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/32.3.367","article-title":"High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in a Salmonella typhimurium isolate due to alterations in both gyrA and gyrB genes","volume":"32","author":"Heisig P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heisig P. 1993. High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in a Salmonella typhimurium isolate due to alterations in both gyrA and gyrB genes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 32:367\u2013377.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-123","article-title":"First report of molecular detection of fluoroquinolone resistance-associated gyrA mutations in multidrug-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait","volume":"4","author":"Al-Mutairi N.M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Mutairi N.M., , Ahmad S., , and Mokaddas E.. 2011. First report of molecular detection of fluoroquinolone resistance-associated gyrA mutations in multidrug-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait. BMC Res. Notes, 4:123.","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09253.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.8.1667","article-title":"Detection of gyrA and gyrB mutations in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and determination of levels of resistance conferred by two different single gyrA mutations","volume":"39","author":"Ouabdesselam S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ouabdesselam S., , Hooper D.C., , Tankovic J., , and Soussy C.J.. 1995. 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Kingston R.E. Moore D.D. Seidman J.G. Smith J.A. and Struhl K.. 1992. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"1013","volume":"57","author":"Bej A.K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bej A.K., , Dicesare J.L., , Haff L., , and Atlas R.M.. 1991. Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1013\u20131017.","journal-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"994","volume-title":"Microb. Drug Resist.","author":"Santhosh K.S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santhosh K.S., , Deekshit V.K., , Venugopal M.N., , Karunasagar I., , and Karunasagar I.. 2017. Multiple antimicrobial resistance and novel point mutation in fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from Mangalore, India. 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