{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:28:25Z","timestamp":1777922905442,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cross-contamination of feed with antibiotics causes pigs to become unintentionally exposed to low concentrations of antibiotics. This study investigates the effect of residues of doxycycline hyclate (DOX) in an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      model of the intestinal tract of pigs, focusing on the microbial community, microbial activity, and the enrichment of resistant bacteria and resistance genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The effect of three concentrations DOX were tested; 1 and 4\u2009mg\/L correspond to the intestinal concentrations when pigs are fed a compound feed containing 3% of a therapeutic dose, and a reference concentration of 16\u2009mg\/L. These were continuously administered to a chemostat, simulating the microbial ecosystem of the pig cecum and inoculated with cecal content of organically grown pigs. The administration of even the lowest DOX concentration caused a significant decrease in bacterial activity, while the microbial community profile appeared to remain unaffected by any of the concentrations. A concentration of 1\u2009mg\/L DOX caused minor selection pressure for tetracycline-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      but no other groups enumerated with plate cultivation, while 4\u2009mg\/L induced major enrichment of tetracycline-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Enterobacteriaceae and total anaerobes. High abundances of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Q),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (M),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (W),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (O), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (B) were detected in the inoculum and also before antibiotic administration in the chemostat and did not significantly increase during administration of 1 and 4\u2009mg\/L DOX. Only 16\u2009mg\/L DOX caused minor enrichments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-contamination concentrations of doxycycline, as a result of cross-contamination, cause a selection pressure for resistant bacteria and negatively affect microbial activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T10:50:46Z","timestamp":1537440646000},"page":"304-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Cross-Contamination Concentrations of Doxycycline Hyclate on the Microbial Ecosystem in an\n                    <i>Ex Vivo<\/i>\n                    Model of the Pig's Cecum"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Thijs","family":"De Mulder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geertrui","family":"Rasschaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Els","family":"Van Coillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Van den Meersche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Haegeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Ruttink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom Van","family":"de Wiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Heyndrickx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in pigs, broilers and veal calves in Belgium","volume":"83","author":"Filippitzi M.E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Filippitzi M.E., , Callens B., , Pardon B., , Persoons D., , and Dewulf J.. 2014. 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