{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:16:38Z","timestamp":1790190998281,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study was to characterize the fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance mechanism of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A in Bangladesh.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi isolates were classified into sequence type (ST) 1, ST2, and ST2209 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Paratyphi A isolates were classified into ST85 and ST129. The most common STs of the FQ-nonsusceptible strain were ST1 (44.4%) and ST129 (66.6%). Thirty-nine percent of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi isolates were multidrug resistant, and these were all ST1, which is the type prevalent in the Indian subcontinent. Although plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were not detected in any of the tested strains, single and double mutations were identified in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR). The most common QRDR mutation was GyrA_Ser83Phe (66.7% for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi and 100% for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Paratyphi A). Treatment with an efflux pump inhibitor resulted in susceptibility of the strains to levofloxacin. All isolates demonstrated 100% susceptibility to ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and carbapenem. Our results suggest that mutations in gyrase A and enhancement of efflux pump activity are responsible for the resistance to FQs; in particular, the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump may be an important resistance factor for levofloxacin. To control the spread of FQ-nonsusceptible\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi, intensive surveillance in endemic areas, including Bangladesh, and effective infection control are necessary.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T12:06:00Z","timestamp":1528805160000},"page":"1460-1465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Characteristics of Resistance Mechanisms and Molecular Epidemiology of Fluoroquinolone-Nonsusceptible\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A Isolates from a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Okanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Medical University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwarul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Medical University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Ehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Medical University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qumrul","family":"Huda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyofumi","family":"Ohkusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Medical University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruhul Amin","family":"Miah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tokyo Medical University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2003. 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