{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:50:23Z","timestamp":1790765423332,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"\n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n \n To characterize antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) of\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from the sediment and\n Lactococcus garvieae<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from fish.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n The isolated bacteria were identified by sequencing 16S rRNA genes. After identification of the bacteria, tetracycline (\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n A\n , tet<\/jats:italic>\n B\n , tet<\/jats:italic>\n D), erythromycin (\n ere<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n ere<\/jats:italic>\n B), sulfonamides (\n sul<\/jats:italic>\n I\n , sul<\/jats:italic>\n II), trimethoprim (\n dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n A1), \u03b2-lactam (\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM<\/jats:sub>\n , bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX<\/jats:sub>\n , amp<\/jats:italic>\n C), florfenicol (\n flo<\/jats:italic>\n R), and class 1 integron (\n Int<\/jats:italic>\n 1) resistance gene were then determined. The presence of HMRGs, including copper (\n cop<\/jats:italic>\n A), mercury (\n mer<\/jats:italic>\n ), cadmium, zinc, cobalt (\n czc<\/jats:italic>\n ), and nickel, cobalt cadmium (\n ncc<\/jats:italic>\n ), was also analyzed by PCR. All strains were checked for the presence of ARGs and\/or HMRGs on the plasmid.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The frequency of the \u03b2-lactam resistance gene was highest and ranged from 49.7% to 62.3%, followed by sulfonamides, tetracyclines, phenicols, and macrolide resistance genes. The cage culture fish farming practice showed significant effects on ARG frequency of bacteria isolated from the sediment, whereas it had no effect on the frequency of HMRGs. The most prevalent HMRG was determined as mercury-resistant\n mer<\/jats:italic>\n gene in all bacteria. All four of the HMRGs were located on plasmids with frequency ranging from 1.20% to 32.53%. The presence of ARGs on plasmids ranged between 2.2% (\n Dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n 1) and 75% (\n Amp<\/jats:italic>\n C, blactx, tetB), and plasmids did not contain\n tetD<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ereB<\/jats:italic>\n genes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The results of this study indicate that fish farming can significantly influence the antimicrobial resistance properties of bacteria isolated from sediment samples.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T11:29:48Z","timestamp":1525692588000},"page":"1422-1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effects of Cage Farming on Antimicrobial and Heavy Metal Resistance of\n Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium,<\/i>\n and\n Lactococcus garvieae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ture","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Fisheries Research Institute","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilhan","family":"Altinok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karadeniz Technical University","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huseyin","family":"Alp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Fisheries Research Institute","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"(IWG-SCC). 2015. Available at www.turkstat gov.tr\/Start.do (accessed October15 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.8.1278","article-title":"Class-D tetracycline resistance determinants of R-plasmids from the fish pathogens aeromonas-hydrophila, edwardsiella-tarda, and pasteurella-piscicida","volume":"31","author":"Aoki T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Aoki T., , and Takahashi A.. 1987. Class-D tetracycline resistance determinants of R-plasmids from the fish pathogens aeromonas-hydrophila, edwardsiella-tarda, and pasteurella-piscicida. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 31:1278\u20131280.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008212614677","article-title":"Detection of heavy metal ion resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a lead-contaminated site","volume":"8","author":"Trajanovska S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Trajanovska S., , Britz M.L., , and Bhave M.. 1997. Detection of heavy metal ion resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a lead-contaminated site. Biodegradation, 8:113\u2013124.","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00048-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Modern soil microbiology","author":"Wuertz S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wuertz S., , and Mergeay M.. 1997. The impact of heavy metals on soil microbial communities and their activities. In van Elsas J.D., , Wellington E.M.H., , and Trevors J.T. (eds.), Modern soil microbiology. Marcel Decker, New York, pp. 1\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.02.025","article-title":"Bacterial diseases of cultured Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) in sea cages","volume":"396","author":"Boran H.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boran H., , Terzi E., , Altinok I., , Capkin E., , and Bascinar N.. 2013. Bacterial diseases of cultured Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) in sea cages. Aquaculture, 396:8\u201313.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13378","article-title":"Determination and transferability of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes of the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout","volume":"48","author":"Capkin E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Capkin E., , Ozdemir S., , Ozturk R.C., , and Altinok I.. 2017. Determination and transferability of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes of the bacteria isolated from rainbow trout. Aquac. Res., 48:5561\u20135575.","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2016-0020","article-title":"Identification of bacterial pathogens and determination of their antibacterial resistance profiles in some cultured fish in Turkey","volume":"60","author":"Ture M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ture M., , and Alp H.. 2016. Identification of bacterial pathogens and determination of their antibacterial resistance profiles in some cultured fish in Turkey. J. Vet. Res., 60:141\u2013146.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2012.22018","article-title":"Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance among Enterobacter spp. isolated from infection in animals","volume":"2","author":"Wilberger M.S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilberger M.S., , Anthony K.E., , Rose S., , McClain M., , and Bermudez L.E.. 2012. Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance among Enterobacter spp. isolated from infection in animals. Adv. Microbiol., 2:129\u2013137.","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02852","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in culturable bacteria isolated from Turkish trout farms and their local aquatic environment","volume":"114","author":"Capkin E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Capkin E., , Terzi E., , and Altinok I.. 2015. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in culturable bacteria isolated from Turkish trout farms and their local aquatic environment. Dis. Aquat. Organ., 114:127\u2013137.","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01512.x","article-title":"Transfer of plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline in pathogenic bacteria from fish and aquaculture environments","volume":"293","author":"Guglielmetti E.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guglielmetti E., , Korhonen J.M., , Heikkinen J., , Morelli L., , and von Wright A.. 2009. Transfer of plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline in pathogenic bacteria from fish and aquaculture environments. Fems. Microbiol. Lett., 293:28\u201334.","journal-title":"Fems. Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3029-y","article-title":"Distinct diversity of the czcA gene in two sedimentary horizons from a contaminated estuarine core","volume":"21","author":"Kaci A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaci A., , Petit F., , Lesueur P., , Boust D., , Vrel A., , and Berthe T.. 2014. Distinct diversity of the czcA gene in two sedimentary horizons from a contaminated estuarine core. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 21:10787\u201310802.","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Bacterial and viral fish diseases in Turkey","volume":"14","author":"Ozturk R.C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozturk R.C., , and Altinok I.. 2014. Bacterial and viral fish diseases in Turkey. Turk. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci., 14:275\u2013297.","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.08.001","article-title":"Time trends in the prevalence of Escherichia coli and enterococci in bivalves harvested in Norway during 2007\u20132012","volume":"60","author":"Lunestad B.T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lunestad B.T., , Frantzen S., , Svanevik C.S., , Roiha I.S., , and Duinker A.. 2016. Time trends in the prevalence of Escherichia coli and enterococci in bivalves harvested in Norway during 2007\u20132012. Food Control, 60:289\u2013295.","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12192","article-title":"Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and biochemical tests to characterize Lactococcus garvieae","volume":"38","author":"Ture M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ture M., , Altinok I., , and Capkin E.. 2015. Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and biochemical tests to characterize Lactococcus garvieae. J. Fish Dis., 38:37\u201347.","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Isolation of vancomycin resistant enterococci from animal faeces, detection of antimicrobial resistance profiles and vancomycin resistant genes","volume":"21","author":"Funda Bagcigil A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Funda Bagcigil A., , Ikiz S., , Ak S., , and Yakut Ozgur N.. 2015. Isolation of vancomycin resistant enterococci from animal faeces, detection of antimicrobial resistance profiles and vancomycin resistant genes. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak., 21:87\u201394.","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.2.864-868.2000","article-title":"Determination of Escherichia coli contamination with chromocult coliform agar showed a high level of discrimination efficiency for differing fecal pollution levels in tropical waters of Kampala, Uganda","volume":"66","author":"Byamukama D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Byamukama D., , Kansiime F., , Mach R.L., , and Farnleitner A.H.. 2000. Determination of Escherichia coli contamination with chromocult coliform agar showed a high level of discrimination efficiency for differing fecal pollution levels in tropical waters of Kampala, Uganda. Appl. Environ. Microb., 66:864\u2013868.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.. 2014. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S24. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall T.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall T.A. 1999. A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser., 41:95\u201398.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12134","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health","volume":"15","author":"Cabello F.C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cabello F.C., , Godfrey H.P., , Tomova A., , Ivanova L., , Dolz H., , Millanao A., , and Buschmann A.H.. 2013. Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health. Environ. Microbiol., 15:1917\u20131942.","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092702","article-title":"Sulphonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes persist in sediments at baltic sea aquaculture farms but are not detected in the surrounding environment","volume":"9","author":"Muziasari W.I.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muziasari W.I., , Managaki S., , Parnanen K., , Karkman A., , Lyra C., , Tamminen M., , Suzuki S., , and Virta M.. 2014. Sulphonamide and trimethoprim resistance genes persist in sediments at baltic sea aquaculture farms but are not detected in the surrounding environment. PLoS One, 9:e92702.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es3018607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Antibiotic use in fish","volume":"3","author":"Baydan E.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baydan E., , Yurdakok B., , and Aydin F.G.. 2012. Antibiotic use in fish. Turkiye Klinikleri J. Vet. Sci., 3:45\u201352.","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.6.891","article-title":"Prevalence of macrolide-resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates from 24 European university hospitals","volume":"45","author":"Schmitz F.J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmitz F.J., , Sadurski R., , Kray A., , Boos M., , Geisel R., , Kohrer K., , Verhoef J., , and Fluit A.C.. 2000. Prevalence of macrolide-resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium isolates from 24 European university hospitals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 45:891\u2013894.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(92)90005-U","article-title":"Copper resistance determinants in bacteria","volume":"27","author":"Brown N.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brown N.L., , Rouch D.A., , and Lee B.T.O.. 1992. Copper resistance determinants in bacteria. Plasmid, 27:41\u201351.","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"782","volume":"71","author":"Voloudakis A.E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Voloudakis A.E., , Reignier T.M., , and Cooksey D.A.. 2005. Regulation of resistance to copper in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Appl. Environ. Microb., 71:782\u2013789.","journal-title":"Regulation of resistance to copper in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2007.00365.x","article-title":"Fingerprinting and diversity of bacterial copA genes in response to soil types, soil organic status and copper contamination","volume":"61","author":"Lejon D.P.H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lejon D.P.H., , Nowak V., , Bouko S., , Pascault N., , Mougel C., , Martins J.M.F., , and Ranjard L.. 2007. Fingerprinting and diversity of bacterial copA genes in response to soil types, soil organic status and copper contamination. Fems. Microbiol. Ecol., 61:424\u2013437.","journal-title":"Fems. Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.12.4596-4599.1994","article-title":"Molecular analysis of mercury-resistant bacillus isolates from sediment of minamata bay, Japan","volume":"60","author":"Nakamura K.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nakamura K., , and Silver S.. 1994. Molecular analysis of mercury-resistant bacillus isolates from sediment of minamata bay, Japan. Appl. Environ. Microb., 60:4596\u20134599.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(88)80098-X","article-title":"The diversity of mercury reductases among mercury-resistant bacteria","volume":"234","author":"Bogdanova E.S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bogdanova E.S., , Mindlin S.Z., , Kalyaeva E.S., , and Nikiforov V.G.. 1988. The diversity of mercury reductases among mercury-resistant bacteria. Febs. Lett., 234:280\u2013282.","journal-title":"Febs. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.10.061","article-title":"The influence of mariculture on mercury distribution in sediments and fish around Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China waters","volume":"82","author":"Liang P.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liang P., , Shao D.D., , Wu S.C., , Shi J.B., , Sun X.L., , Wu F.Y., , Lo S.C.L., , Wang W.X., , and Wong M.H.. 2011. The influence of mariculture on mercury distribution in sediments and fish around Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China waters. Chemosphere, 82:1038\u20131043.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1139\/m86-085","article-title":"Cadmium transport, resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi","volume":"32","author":"Trevors J.T.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Trevors J.T., , Stratton G.W., , and Gadd G.M.. 1986. Cadmium transport, resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi. Can. J. Microbiol., 32:447\u2013464.","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7045","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.22.7045-7054.1994","article-title":"Combined nickel-cobalt-cadmium resistance encoded by the ncc locus of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 31a","volume":"176","author":"Schmidt T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schmidt T., , and Schlegel H.G.. 1994. Combined nickel-cobalt-cadmium resistance encoded by the ncc locus of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans 31a. J. Bacteriol., 176:7045\u20137054.","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2741\/A410","article-title":"Bacterial plasmids: replication of extrachromosomal genetic elements encoding resistance to antimicrobial compounds","volume":"3","author":"Actis L.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Actis L.A., , Tolmasky M.E., , and Crosa J.H.. 1999. Bacterial plasmids: replication of extrachromosomal genetic elements encoding resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Front. Biosci., 3:43\u201362.","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5650-9","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in Korea","volume":"23","author":"Kang C.H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang C.H., , Shin Y., , Kim W., , Kim Y., , Song K., , Oh E.G., , Kim S., , Yu H., , and So J.S.. 2016. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in Korea. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 23:918\u2013926.","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02703","article-title":"Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in Dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact","volume":"108","author":"Haenen O.L.M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haenen O.L.M., , van Zanten E., , Jansen R., , Roozenburg I., , Engelsma M.Y., , Dijkstra A., , Boers S.A., , Voorbergen-Laarman M., and A.V.M. Moller. 2014. Vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in Dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact. Dis. Aquat. Organ., 108:201\u2013209.","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00158","article-title":"Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota","volume":"2","author":"Aminov R.I.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aminov R.I. 2011. Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 2:158.","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.24.6.835","article-title":"Frequency of tetracycline resistance determinant classes among lactose-fermenting coliforms","volume":"24","author":"Marshall B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Marshall B., , Tachibana C., , and Levy S.B.. 1983. Frequency of tetracycline resistance determinant classes among lactose-fermenting coliforms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 24:835\u2013840.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(85)90005-8","article-title":"Nucleotide-sequence of the gene erea encoding the erythromycin esterase in Escherichia coli","volume":"35","author":"Ounissi H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ounissi H., , and Courvalin P.. 1985. Nucleotide-sequence of the gene erea encoding the erythromycin esterase in Escherichia coli. Gene, 35:271\u2013278.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/14.12.4987","article-title":"Analysis of the nucleotide-sequence of the ereb gene encoding the erythromycin esterase type-ii","volume":"14","author":"Arthur M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Arthur M., , Autissier D., , and Courvalin P.. 1986. Analysis of the nucleotide-sequence of the ereb gene encoding the erythromycin esterase type-ii. Nucleic Acids Res., 14:4987\u20134999.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.735","article-title":"Characterization of class 1 integrons associated with R-plasmids in clinical Aeromonas salmonicida isolates from various geographical areas","volume":"47","author":"Schmidt A.S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmidt A.S., , Bruun M.S., , Larsen J.L., , and Dalsgaard I.. 2001. Characterization of class 1 integrons associated with R-plasmids in clinical Aeromonas salmonicida isolates from various geographical areas. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 47:735\u2013743.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2004.10.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Diversity of CTX-M beta-lactamases and their promoter regions from Enterobacteriaceae isolated in three Parisian hospitals","volume":"209","author":"Saladin M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saladin M., , Cao V.T.B., , Lambert T., , Donay J.L., , Herrmann J.L., , Ould-Hocine Z., , Verdet C., , Delisle F., , Philippon A., , and Arlet G.. 2002. Diversity of CTX-M beta-lactamases and their promoter regions from Enterobacteriaceae isolated in three Parisian hospitals. Fems. Microbiol. Lett., 209:161\u2013168.","journal-title":"Fems. Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"Pakistan","article-title":"Genetic basis of heavy metal tolerance in bacteria","author":"Shoeb E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shoeb E. 2006. Genetic basis of heavy metal tolerance in bacteria. PhD dissertation; Centre for Molecular Genetics, University of, Karachi, Pakistan.","journal-title":"PhD dissertation; Centre for Molecular Genetics, University of"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(92)90002-R","article-title":"Bacterial resistances to inorganic mercury salts and organomercurials","volume":"27","author":"Misra T.K.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Misra T.K. 1992. Bacterial resistances to inorganic mercury salts and organomercurials. Plasmid, 27:4\u201316.","journal-title":"Plasmid"}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:33:10Z","timestamp":1777667590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}