{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:28:18Z","timestamp":1777922898352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has challenged significantly in both veterinary and human medicine. In this study, we analyzed the potential risk of pet turtles harboring tribe\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proteeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a source of quinolone-resistant determinants, including plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and target gene alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of 54\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proteeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates against ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and nalidixic acid was examined. The PMQR genes and QRDR alterations were identified using conventional PCR assays and sequencing. Four isolates were resistant to all quinolones tested in this study. Nine isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and showed either intermediate resistance or susceptibility to other tested quinolones. All isolates resistant to one or more tested quinolones harbored mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and some also had\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations. Of 54, 12\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proteeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates displayed the novel E466D, N440T, Q411S, and F417L mutations in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among the PMQR genes, 41 (76%) isolates harbored the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnrD<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene with the highest prevalence, whereas\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac(6\u2032)Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were detected in 28 (52%), 9 (17.0%), 7 (13.0%), and 1 (1.9%) study isolates, respectively. The QRDR analysis of selected mutants revealed that increasing quinolone selective pressure led to a predominance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants. All results indicate that a healthy pet turtle can play as a potential reservoir for quinolone-resistant Proteeae, which it might cause public health risk on pet owners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T14:41:05Z","timestamp":1542206465000},"page":"611-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Determinants in Tribe\n                    <i>Proteeae<\/i>\n                    Isolated from Pet Turtles with High Prevalence of\n                    <i>qnrD<\/i>\n                    and Novel\n                    <i>gyrB<\/i>\n                    Mutations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sudu Hakuruge Madusha Pramud","family":"Wimalasena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hansani Nilupama Kumari Senarath","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gee-Wook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benthotage Chamara Jayasankha","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang-Joon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.306-312.2006","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in Louisiana","volume":"72","author":"Diaz M.A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diaz M.A., , Cooper R.K., , Cloeckaert A., , and Siebeling R.J.. 2006. 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