{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:16:37Z","timestamp":1790190997317,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovars Typhi and Paratyphi, the causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid, are major threats in developing countries. The present study aimed to investigate the resistance pattern of 40 clinically isolated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovars Typhi (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200933) and Paratyphi (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) to commonly used antibiotics, particularly azithromycin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The disc diffusion method was used to investigate the resistance pattern of the clinical isolates against selected antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth dilution method. Plate-based assays were used for the detection of efflux pumps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It was observed that 95% of the test isolates were resistant to azithromycin and 100% were resistant to clindamycin. MIC values of azithromycin ranged between 32 and 128\u2009\u03bcg mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Although 90% of isolates contained efflux pump, none of the isolates was found to have the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mef<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A) gene, indicating that some other efflux pump(s) might be present. Macrolide resistance gene,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                      (B), was present in 25 isolates (62.5%). Other resistance genes were absent. Plasmids were absent, but class 1 integrons were present in 80% of the isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The occurrence of macrolide resistance in clinical\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovars Typhi and Paratyphi is of particular significance in Bangladesh where azithromycin is a commonly used drug against most diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T08:09:00Z","timestamp":1531901340000},"page":"8-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Azithromycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sunjukta","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dhaka","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahida","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dhaka","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-004-0021-6","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"6","author":"Parry C.M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parry C.M. 2004. 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