{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:39:40Z","timestamp":1793403580067,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Livestock are considered reservoirs of multidrug-resistant organisms that can be transferred to humans through direct\/indirect routes. Once transmitted, these organisms can be responsible for infections with therapeutic challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin and colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Lebanese swine farms. In May 2017, 114 fecal samples were collected from swine farms in south Lebanon. Separate media supplemented with cefotaxime, ertapenem, and colistin were used for the screening of resistant organisms. Double-disk synergy test and ampC disk test were performed to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and ampC producers, respectively. Detection of beta-lactamase and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes was performed using real time PCR. Of 114 fecal samples, 76 showed growth on the medium with cefotaxime. In total, 111 strains were isolated with 94.5% being\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phenotypic tests showed that 98, 6, and 7 strains were ESBL, ampC, and ESBL\/ampC producers, respectively. CTX-M and CMY were the main beta-lactamase genes detected. On the medium with colistin, 19 samples showed growth. In total, 23 colistin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains harboring the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene were isolated. This is the first study in Lebanon determining multidrug resistance epidemiology in pigs. The prevalence of ESBLs is high and the emergence of colistin resistance is alarming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]],"date-time":"2018-08-24T15:27:31Z","timestamp":1535124451000},"page":"233-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacilli and Emergence of\n                    <i>mcr-1<\/i>\n                    Colistin Resistance Gene in Lebanese Swine Farms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Iman","family":"Dandachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Balamand","place":["Lebanon"]},{"name":"Aix Marseille University","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Fayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Balamand","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassel","family":"El-Bazzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Daoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Balamand","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Rolain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-015-0061-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative organisms in livestock: an emerging problem for human health? Drug Resist","volume":"16","author":"Seiffert S.N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seiffert S.N., , Hilty M., , Perreten V., , and Endimiani A.. 2013. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative organisms in livestock: an emerging problem for human health? Drug Resist. Updat., 16:22\u201345.","journal-title":"Updat."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"e00543","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Yin W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin W., , Li H., , Shen Y., , Liu Z., , Wang S., , Shen Z., , Zhang R., , Walsh T.R., , Shen J., , and Wang Y.. 2017. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli. MBio, 8:pii:e00543-17.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30589","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30589","article-title":"Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016","volume":"22","author":"Carattoli A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carattoli A., , Villa L., , Feudi C., , Curcio L., , Orsini S., , Luppi A., , Pezzotti G., , and Magistrali C.F.. 2017. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016. Euro. Surveill., 22:pii:30589.","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"3317","volume":"72","author":"Borowiak M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borowiak M., , Fischer J., , Hammerl J.A., , Hendriksen R.S., , Szabo I., , and Malorny B.. 2017. Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi B. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 72:3317\u20133324.","journal-title":"Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi B. J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"Doc21","article-title":"Mini-review: epidemiology and zoonotic potential of multiresistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile in livestock and food","volume":"9","author":"Dahms C.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dahms C., , Hubner N.O., , Wilke F., , and Kramer A.. 2014. Mini-review: epidemiology and zoonotic potential of multiresistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile in livestock and food. GMS Hyg. Infect. Control, 9:Doc21.","journal-title":"GMS Hyg. Infect. Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.110209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Corrigendum: Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections of Lebanese patients between 2005 and 2012: epidemiology and profiles of resistance","volume":"2","author":"Daoud Z.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daoud Z., , Salem Sokhn E., , Masri K., , Cheaito K., , Haidar-Ahmad N., , Matar G.M., , and Doron S.. 2015. Corrigendum: Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections of Lebanese patients between 2005 and 2012: epidemiology and profiles of resistance. Front. Med. (Lausanne), 2:66.","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"137","volume":"12","author":"Dandachi I.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dandachi I., , Leangapichart T., , Daoud Z., , and Rolain J.M.. 2018. First detection of mcr-1 plasmid mediated colistin resistant E. coli in Lebanese poultry. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist., 12:137\u2013138.","journal-title":"First detection of mcr-1 plasmid mediated colistin resistant E. coli in Lebanese poultry. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 2017. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters version 7.1. Available at www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/Breakpoint_tables\/v_7.1_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf (accessed December12 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3110-3113.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100956"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","article-title":"First report of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli ST405 isolated from wildlife in Bejaia, Algeria","author":"Bachiri T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bachiri T., , Lalaoui R., , Bakour S., , Allouache M., , Belkebla N., , Rolain J.M., , and Touati A.. 2017. First report of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli ST405 isolated from wildlife in Bejaia, Algeria. Microb. Drug Resist. [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1089\/mdr.2017.0026.","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01740-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.170883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00014-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"e02057","article-title":"Prevalence of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and absence of mcr-2 in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy food-producing animals in Japan","volume":"61","author":"Kawanishi M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kawanishi M., , Abo H., , Ozawa M., , Uchiyama M., , Shirakawa T., , Suzuki S., , Shima A., , Yamashita A., , Sekizuka T., , Kato K., , Kuroda M., , Koike R., , and Kijima M.. 2016. Prevalence of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and absence of mcr-2 in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy food-producing animals in Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 61:pii:e02057-16.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.6.30135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02244-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.036806-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","article-title":"Resistance of gram-negative bacilli in Lebanon","author":"Sokhn S.E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sokhn S.E., , Dahdouh E., , and Daoud Z.. 2013. Resistance of gram-negative bacilli in Lebanon. ISRN Infect. Dis., 2013:Article ID 759208.","journal-title":"ISRN Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0818-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","first-page":"e90564","article-title":"Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases, AmpC beta-lactamases and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella spp","volume":"9","author":"Donati V.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Donati V., , Feltrin F., , Hendriksen R.S., , Svendsen C.A., , Cordaro G., , Garcia-Fernandez A., , Lorenzetti S., , Lorenzetti R., , Battisti A., , and Franco A.. 2014. Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases, AmpC beta-lactamases and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella spp. from companion animals in Italy. PLoS One, 9:e90564.","journal-title":"from companion animals in Italy. PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Occurrence of OXA-48 carbapenemase and other beta-lactamase genes in ESBL-producing multidrug resistant Escherichia coli from dogs and cats in the United States, 2009\u20132013","volume":"7","author":"Liu X.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu X., , Thungrat K., , and Boothe D.M.. 2016. Occurrence of OXA-48 carbapenemase and other beta-lactamase genes in ESBL-producing multidrug resistant Escherichia coli from dogs and cats in the United States, 2009\u20132013. Front. Microbiol., 7:1057.","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00443-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02167-16"}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:33:26Z","timestamp":1777667606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0110","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}}}