{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:28:46Z","timestamp":1777922926872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n isolated in Shanghai, China and to determine the genetic basis of its resistance to fluoroquinolones.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 402 strains of\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n , including 145\n Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n and 257\n Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, were analyzed. The Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of the strains to 13 antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin was determined by E-test. Mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of\n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n parC<\/jats:italic>\n and in the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, including\n qnrA, qnrB, qnrS,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n aac (6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n , were detected by polymerase chain reaction. All the products were then sequenced.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Most of the\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid (96.4%), streptomycin (96.4%), ampicillin (86.2%), tetracycline (79.8%), and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (80.6%).\n S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n isolates showed a significantly higher resistance to cefepime (33.6%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), norfloxacin (34.1%), and levofloxacin (12.1%) compared with that observed for the\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n strains (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n analysis,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Three mutations (Ser83, Asp87, and His211) in\n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n and one mutation (Ser80) in\n parC<\/jats:italic>\n were detected. Of 257\n S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 11.7% possessed\n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n mutations and 2% had\n parC<\/jats:italic>\n mutations. Of 145\n S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 98.6% possessed\n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n mutations and 97.9% had\n parC<\/jats:italic>\n mutations. The plasmid-mediated resistance genes of\n qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n and\n aac (6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n were detected among 17 strains (4.2%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mutation percentage within the QRDR of\n S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n was as high as 98.6 in\n gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n and 97.9 in\n parC<\/jats:italic>\n . The significant abundance of mutations within QRDRs conferred high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance. Moreover, the PMQR genes, particularly\n qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n , played an important role in the decreased susceptibility of\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n to fluoroquinolones.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T15:17:41Z","timestamp":1539271061000},"page":"212-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanisms in\n Shigella<\/i>\n Isolates in Shanghai, China, Between 2010 and 2015"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Wen-Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-You","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Hong","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man-Fang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Shigellosis","volume":"43","author":"Niyogi S.K.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niyogi S.K. 2005. Shigellosis. J. Microbiol. 43:133\u2013143.","journal-title":"J. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1718","volume-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis","author":"Bardhan P.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bardhan P., , Faruque A.S., , Naheed S., , and Sack D.A.. 2010. Decrease in shigellosis-related deaths without Shigella spp.-specific interventions, Asia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16:1718\u20131723."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shigella infection in children under 5 years old in western French Guiana","volume":"2018","author":"Parisot M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parisot M., , Parez N., , Boukhari R., , Breurec S., , and Jolivet A.. 2018. Shigella infection in children under 5 years old in western French Guiana. Epidemiol. Infect. 2018:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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Mutations in the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV in clinical strains of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella in Anhui, China. J. Microbiol. 45:168\u2013170.","journal-title":"J. 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