{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T03:30:11Z","timestamp":1782012611226,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacterial strains is regarded as a major cause of drug resistance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of some major facilitator superfamily class efflux pump genes (EPGs) in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated to thiosemicarbazide (TSC) under amine functionalization by glutamic acid (ZnO@Glu\u2013TSC) as well as ciprofloxacin (CIP) among multiple drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Synthesized NPs were characterized by ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, and transmission electron microscopy. Antibiogram and ethidium bromide agar cartwheel method were used to determine the efflux-mediated multidrug-resistant phenotype of clinical strains. Then, expression of EPGs, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">norA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">norB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">norC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet38<\/jats:italic>\n                    among the strains, exposed to ZnO@Glu\u2013TSC and CIP was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). According to the results, the strains resistant to CIP showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 256 to 1,024\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, while ZnO@Glu\u2013TSC NPs showed MICs from 8 to 256\u2009\u03bcg\/mL against bacterial strains, which indicates stronger antibacterial activity of NPs (2-8-fold) compared to CIP. ZnO@Glu\u2013TSC NPs showed a good bacterial inhibitory potential with average inhibition zones of 11, 15, and 20\u2009mm for concentrations of 50, 100, and 150\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Moreover, simultaneous use of ZnO@Glu\u2013TSC NPs (1\/2 MIC) in combination with CIP (1\/2 MIC) significantly reduced the expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">norA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">norB, norC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet38<\/jats:italic>\n                    by 5.4-, 3.8-, 2.1-, and 3.4-fold, respectively, compared to the CIP alone. Therefore, ZnO@Glu\u2013TSC NPs with their potent antimicrobial effects could be used as an antimicrobial agent against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    for preventive and\/or therapeutic approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T10:27:13Z","timestamp":1552300033000},"page":"966-974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Functionalization of ZnO Nanoparticles by Glutamic Acid and Conjugation with Thiosemicarbazide Alters Expression of Efflux Pump Genes in Multiple Drug-Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    Strains"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Armin","family":"Nejabatdoust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojjatolah","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Salehzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.672-693.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2595-2599.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.3.664-671.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w05-022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01343.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics2010028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2005.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.06.093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201400042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"424","article-title":"Evaluation of Expression of NorA Efflux Pump in Ciprofloxacin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus against Hexahydroquinoline Derivative by Real-Time PCR","volume":"52","author":"Pourmand M.R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pourmand M.R., , Yousefi M., , Salami S.A., , and Amini A.. 2014. 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