{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:42:42Z","timestamp":1789569762051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dissemination of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has created critical situation in poultry, livestock farming, and public health. In Nepal, for the first time, we initiated surveillance of colistin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in broilers from seven different chicken farms. A total of 324 cloacal swabs were collected and 118\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were isolated, of which 27 (22.8%) were colistin resistance all harboring\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, but lacking IS\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ApI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Colistin-resistant isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, detecting antibiotic resistance genes, phylogenetic analysis, and plasmid replicon typing. These isolates belonged to the phylo-group A (70.37%) and phylo-group D (29.63%). In addition, most isolates (&gt;80%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. As much as 3 of the 27\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    encoding isolates were confirmed as extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producer, all 3 isolates carrying\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    gene. We performed the conjugation experiment to check transferability of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes, and only two donors were found to have transferred resistance to ticarcillin. The transfer of colistin and tetracycline resistance was not detected, which suggests the chromosomal location of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. The prevalence of Inc K\/B and Inc I1 was 96.3% and 81.48%, respectively. This study shows the co-existence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sul<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    genes and dissemination of these resistant isolates in Nepalese chicken farms, which may pose huge threat to the livestock, especially chickens, and public health in Nepal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T10:20:51Z","timestamp":1552645251000},"page":"846-854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Colistin-Resistant\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Isolated from Chickens: First Report from Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Prabhu Raj","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepalese Farming Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapee","family":"Thummeepak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepalese Farming Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepalese Farming Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriju","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megha Raj","family":"Banjara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udomluk","family":"Leungtongkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutthirat","family":"Sitthisak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand."},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00463-6","article-title":"Colistin resistance: a major breach in our last line of defense","volume":"16","author":"Paterson D.L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paterson D.L., , and Harris P.N.. 2016. Colistin resistance: a major breach in our last line of defense. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16:132\u2013133.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01480-13","article-title":"In vivo emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-type carbapenemases mediated by insertional inactivation of the PhoQ\/PhoP mgrB regulator","volume":"57","author":"Cannatelli A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cannatelli A., , D'Andrea M.M., , Giani T., , Di Pilato V., , Arena F., , Ambretti S., , Gaibani P., , and Rossolini G.M.. 2013. In vivo emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-type carbapenemases mediated by insertional inactivation of the PhoQ\/PhoP mgrB regulator. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57:5521\u20135526.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00006-2","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated carbapenem and colistin resistance in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli","volume":"16","author":"Poirel L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poirel L., , Kieffer N., , Liassine N., , Thanh D., , and Nordmann P.. 2016. Plasmid-mediated carbapenem and colistin resistance in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16:281.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-016-1086-y","article-title":"Genomic insights into the ESBL and MCR-1-producing ST648 Escherichia coli with multi-drug resistance","volume":"61","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang H., , Seward C.H., , Wu Z., , Ye H., , and Feng Y. 2016. Genomic insights into the ESBL and MCR-1-producing ST648 Escherichia coli with multi-drug resistance. Sci. Bull. (Beijing), 61:875\u2013878.","journal-title":"Sci. Bull. (Beijing)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00063-3","article-title":"Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene","volume":"16","author":"Zhi C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhi C., , Lv L., , Yu L.F., , Doi Y., , and Liu J.H.. 2016. Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene. Lancet Infect. Dis. 16:292\u2013293.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"4420","volume-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother","author":"McGann P.","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGann P., , Snesrud E., , Maybank R., , Corey B., , Ong A.C., , Clifford R., , Clifford Hinkle R, M., , Whitman T., , Lesho E., , and Schaecher K.E.. 2016. Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 and blaCTX-M on a novel IncF plasmid: first report of mcr-1 in the USA. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60:4420\u20134421."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00935-16","article-title":"Full-length nucleotide sequences of mcr-1-harboring plasmids isolated from extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates of different origins","volume":"60","author":"Zurfluh K.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zurfluh K., , Klumpp J., , N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen M., , and Stephan R.. 2016. Full-length nucleotide sequences of mcr-1-harboring plasmids isolated from extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates of different origins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60:5589\u20135591.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"e02035","article-title":"Phage-like IncY plasmid carrying the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from a pig farm in China","volume":"61","author":"Zhang C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang C., , Feng Y., , Liu F., , Jiang H., , Qu Z., , Lei M., , Jianfeng W., , Bing Z., , Yongfei H.U., , Jiabo D., , and Baoli Z.. 2016. Phage-like IncY plasmid carrying the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from a pig farm in China. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 61:e02035\u201316.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.9.5698-5700.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.546-553.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"e00177","article-title":"Diversified mcr-1-harbouring plasmid reservoirs confer resistance to colistin in human gut microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Ye H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ye H., , Li Y., , Li Z., , Gao R., , Zhang H., , Wen R., , Gao G.F., , Hu Q., , and Feng Y.. 2016. Diversified mcr-1-harbouring plasmid reservoirs confer resistance to colistin in human gut microbiota. mBio, 7:e00177.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00533-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"CLSI. 2016. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S24. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Recommendations for MIC Determination of Colistin (Polymyxin E) as Recommended by the Joint CLSI-EUCAST Polymyxin Breakpoints Working Group. EUCAST. 2016. http:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/General_documents\/Recommendations_for_MIC_determination_of_colistin_March_2016.pdf (accessed March8 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01821-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095864","article-title":"Quinolone resistance mechanisms among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from rivers and lakes in Switzerland","volume":"9","author":"Zurfluh K.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zurfluh K., , Abgottspon H., , H\u00e4chler H., , N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen M., , and Stephan R.. 2014. Quinolone resistance mechanisms among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolated from rivers and lakes in Switzerland. PLoS One, 9:e95864.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01807.x","article-title":"Standard and real-time multiplex PCR methods for detection of trimethoprim resistance dfr genes in large collections of bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Grape M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grape M., , Motakefi A., , Pavuluri S., , and Kahlmeter G.. 2007. Standard and real-time multiplex PCR methods for detection of trimethoprim resistance dfr genes in large collections of bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13:1112\u20131118.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01757.x","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of OXA-18-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tunisia","volume":"13","author":"Blagui S.K.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blagui S.K., , Achour W., , Abbassi M.S., , Bejaoui M., , Abdeladhim A., , and Hassen A.B.. 2007. Nosocomial outbreak of OXA-18-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tunisia. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13:794\u2013800.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.17221\/165\/2009-VETMED","article-title":"ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry in the Czech Republic","volume":"55","author":"Kolar M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kolar M., , Bardon J., , Chroma M., , Hricova K., , Stosova T., , Sauer P., , and Koukalova D.. 2010. ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry in the Czech Republic. Vet. Med. (Praha). 55:119\u2013124.","journal-title":"Vet. Med. (Praha)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01842.x","article-title":"Capacity of multidrug\u2010resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces","volume":"14","author":"Lee H.W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee H.W., , Koh Y.M., , Kim J., , Lee J.C., , Lee Y.C., , Seol S.Y., , and Cho D.T.. 2008. Capacity of multidrug\u2010resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14:49\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.622-632.2000","article-title":"Biochemical sequence analyses of GES-1, a novel class A extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase, and the class 1 integron In52 from Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"44","author":"Poirel L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Poirel L., , Le Thomas I., , Naas T., , Karim A., , and Nordmann P.. 2000. Biochemical sequence analyses of GES-1, a novel class A extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase, and the class 1 integron In52 from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:622\u2013632.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","article-title":"Rapid and simple determination of Escherichia coli phylogenetic group","volume":"66","author":"Clermont O.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clermont O., , Bonacorsi S., , and Bingen E.. 2000. Rapid and simple determination of Escherichia coli phylogenetic group. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4555\u20134558.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1770-1772.2004","article-title":"Characterization of an anonymous molecular marker strongly linked to Escherichia coli strains causing neonatal meningitis","volume":"42","author":"Clermont O.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clermont O., , Bonacorsi S., , and Bingen E.. 2004. Characterization of an anonymous molecular marker strongly linked to Escherichia coli strains causing neonatal meningitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:1770\u20131772.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2012.00374.x","article-title":"Commensal Escherichia coli strains in Guiana reveal a high genetic diversity with host-dependant population structure","volume":"5","author":"Lescat M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lescat M., , Clermont O., , Woerther P.L., , Glodt J., , Dion S., , Skurnik D., , Djossou F., , Dupont C., , Perroz G., , Picard B., , Catzeflis F., , Andremont A., , and Denamur E.. 2012. Commensal Escherichia coli strains in Guiana reveal a high genetic diversity with host-dependant population structure. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 5:49\u201357.","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01520.x","article-title":"Evidence for a human specific Escherichia coli clone","volume":"10","author":"Clermont O.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clermont O., , Lescat M., , O'Brien C.L., , Gordon D.M., , Tenaillon O., , and Denamur E.. 2008. Evidence for a human specific Escherichia coli clone. Environ. Microbiol. 10:1000\u20131006.","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02171-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.06.012","article-title":"What do we know about resistance to colistin in Enterobacteriaceae in avian and pig production in Europe? Int","volume":"42","author":"Kempf I.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kempf I., , Fleury M.L., , Drider D., , Bruneau M., , Sanders P., , Chauvin C., , Jean-Yves M., , and Eric J.. 2013. What do we know about resistance to colistin in Enterobacteriaceae in avian and pig production in Europe? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 42:379\u2013383.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku485","article-title":"Emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae from veterinary medicine","volume":"70","author":"Kieffer N.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kieffer N., , Poirel L., , Nordmann P., , Madec J.Y., , and Haenni M.. 2015. Emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae from veterinary medicine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70:1265\u20131267.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00145-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics. Links between animals and humans","volume":"14","author":"Stobberingh E.E..","year":"2000","unstructured":"van den Bogaard, A.E., and Stobberingh E.E.. 2000. Epidemiology of resistance to antibiotics. Links between animals and humans. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 14:327\u2013335.","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00012-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Rapid rise of the ESBL and mcr-1 genes in Escherichia coli of chicken origin in China, 2008\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Wu C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu C., , Wang Y., , Shi X., , Wang S., , Ren H., , Shen Z., , Wang Y., , Lin J., , and Wang S.. 2018. Rapid rise of the ESBL and mcr-1 genes in Escherichia coli of chicken origin in China, 2008\u20132014. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 7:30.","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.03.010","article-title":"First report of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates co-harbouring mcr-1 and bla\n                  OXA-48 from clinical patients in China","volume":"13","author":"Lu H.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu H., , Zhang X., , Zhang Y., , Liu H., , Xu C., , and Zhang M.. 2018. First report of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates co-harbouring mcr-1 and blaOXA-48 from clinical patients in China. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 13:94\u201395.","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.801-803.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1178-1182.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07322-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00339-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.051896-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00601-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-78","article-title":"Distribution and characterization of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli from feedlot cattle fed subtherapeutic antimicrobials","volume":"11","author":"Mirzaagha P.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mirzaagha P., , Louie M., , Sharma R., , Yanke L.J., , Topp E., , and McAllister T.A.. 2011. Distribution and characterization of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli from feedlot cattle fed subtherapeutic antimicrobials. BMC Microbiol. 11:78.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.2503-2507.2004","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genetically diverse, nonselected, and nonclinical Escherichia coli strains, isolated from diverse human and animal sources","volume":"70","author":"Bryan A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bryan A., , Shapir N., , and Sadowsky M.J.. 2004. Frequency and distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in genetically diverse, nonselected, and nonclinical Escherichia coli strains, isolated from diverse human and animal sources. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2503\u20132507.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6698","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00707-10","article-title":"Phylogenetic groups and pathogenicity islands markers in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from asymptomatic humans in China","volume":"76","author":"Li B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li B., , Sun J.Y., , Han L.Z., , Huang X.H., , Fu Q., , and Ni Y.X.. 2010. Phylogenetic groups and pathogenicity islands markers in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from asymptomatic humans in China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:6698\u20136700.","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2007.0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev008","article-title":"Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from septicemic broilers","volume":"94","author":"Li Y.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li Y., , Chen L., , Wu X., , and Huo S.. 2015. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from septicemic broilers. Poult. Sci. 94:601\u2013611.","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00201","article-title":"Transferability of MCR-1\/2 polymyxin resistance: complex dissemination and genetic mechanism","volume":"4","author":"Feng Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng Y. 2018. Transferability of MCR-1\/2 polymyxin resistance: complex dissemination and genetic mechanism. ACS Infect. Dis. 4:291\u2013300.","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12724","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in husbandry animals: the African perspective","volume":"645","author":"Alonso C.A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alonso C.A., , Zarazaga M., , Ben S.R., , Jouini A., , Ben K.S., , and Torres C.. 2017. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in husbandry animals: the African perspective. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 645:318\u2013334.","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:34:11Z","timestamp":1777667651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2018.0326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}