{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:29:23Z","timestamp":1777922963242,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nemonoxacin is a nonfluorinated quinolone with good bactericidal effects against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive microorganisms. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    inducible resistance of nemonoxacin against clinically relevant Gram-positive pathogens was compared with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Three strains of each bacterial species, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were cultured. All clinical isolates had wild-type\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">parE<\/jats:italic>\n                    before further\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    test. DNA sequencing for the quinolone resistance determination region (QRDR) of gyrase and topoisomerase genes was performed. Nemonoxacin had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) among all quinolones. During exposure to nemonoxacin, the MIC values did not increase for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and revealed fourfold increase of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    over three cycles of a stepwise resistance selection. DNA sequencing did not show inducible QRDR resistance of nemonoxacin group. Compared to other fluoroquinolones, nemonoxacin has a low potential for inducing resistant pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T10:55:54Z","timestamp":1567508154000},"page":"110-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Selected Mutations by Nemonoxacin and Fluoroquinolone Exposure Among Relevant Gram-Positive Bacterial Strains in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jen-Jia","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Po Jen General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aristine","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ming","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TaiGen Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wang-Huei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"name":"Center of Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941564","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/941564","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance trends among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in Greece, 2009-2012","volume":"2014","author":"Maraki S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maraki S., , and Papadakis I.S.. 2014. 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