{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:29:32Z","timestamp":1777922972810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) in combination with efflux inhibitors and metal chelators against multidrug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    synergism between testing molecules was observed based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), bactericidal kinetics, and growth inhibition assay. BITC alone exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains with MIC and MBC values of 0.625\u20131.25\u2009\u03bcM and 1.25\u20132.5\u2009\u03bcM, respectively. In contrast, double and triple combinations of BITC, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and phenylalanine-arginine \u03b2-naphthylamide (PA\u03b2N) resulted in synergistic activities with FICI values between 0.18 and 0.5, whereas combination of BITC with carbonyl cyanide\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">m<\/jats:italic>\n                    -chlorophenyl hydrazone or 2, 2\u2032-dipyridyl revealed additive or indifference effect with FICI values of 0.75\u20131.5 and 1\u20131.5, respectively. Results of bactericidal kinetics and growth inhibition assays also supported the synergistic effects of EDTA and PA\u03b2N with BITC against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. Our data demonstrate the possible use of adjuvant agents, such as the chelating agent EDTA and the efflux inhibitor PA\u03b2N to improve the antibacterial potential of isothiocyanate and may help to develop an alternative strategy for reducing the occurrence of multidrug resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T10:55:57Z","timestamp":1574420157000},"page":"468-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Synergistic Actions of Benzyl Isothiocyanate with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Efflux Pump Inhibitor Phenylalanine-Arginine \u03b2-Naphthylamide Against Multidrug-Resistant\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Cheng","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao-Chen","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Hui","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Pingtung Branch, Pingtung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Yu","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horng-Ren","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola, C.L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ventola, C.L. 2015. 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