{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:08:35Z","timestamp":1791256115886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study determined the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from selected critical control points (farm, transport, abattoir, and retail product) in an intensive poultry production system in the uMgungundlovu District, South Africa, using the \u201cfarm to fork\u201d approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three hundred eighty-four samples from poultry and poultry products were examined across the \u201cfarm to fork\u201d continuum for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      using selective media, biochemical tests, and API Staph kit and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction identification of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was determined by the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method to 19 antimicrobials and to vancomycin by the broth microdilution technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence rate of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 31.25% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009120\/384), distributed across the continuum: farm site (40), transport (15), abattoir (30), and retail point (35). The isolates were resistant to tetracycline (61.67%), penicillin G (55.83%), erythromycin (54.17%), clindamycin (43.33%), doxycycline (36.67%), ampicillin (34.17%), moxifloxacin (30.83%), amikacin (30.83%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30.00%), and levofloxacin (23.33%). A 100% susceptibility to tigecycline, teicoplanin, vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, and linezolid was observed in all isolates. The rate of multidrug resistance and the multiple antibiotic resistance index of the strains were 39.17% and 0.23%, respectively. The isolates showed similar patterns of resistance to commonly used growth promoters and antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine belonging to the same class.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is evident that the different antibiotics and growth promoters used in poultry production are exerting selection pressure for the emergence and co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the production system, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship guidelines to streamline their use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T11:03:31Z","timestamp":1571915011000},"page":"402-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance in\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    from Poultry and Poultry Products in uMgungundlovu District, South Africa, Using the \u201cFarm to Fork\u201d Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Daniel Gyamfi","family":"Amoako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit and College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anou M.","family":"Somboro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit and College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akebe L. 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