{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:37:19Z","timestamp":1793263039795,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The globally increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a cause of human acute gastrointestinal infections, calls for developing effective alternatives. In this study, the antibiotic resistance pattern, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-production, and molecular characteristics of 70 multidrug-resistant isolates belong to the two most frequent species of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus, that is,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    (44 isolates) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    (26 isolates) were investigated. These isolates were used to evaluate both specificity and activity of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific bacteriophages, vB_SflS-ISF001, vB_SsoS-ISF002, and a cocktail of both. Twelve out of the 21 tested resistance genes were detected in the isolates. About 59% of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 46% of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were identified as ESBL producers. The bacteriophages showed a high efficiency of plating (EOP \u22650.5) in about 75% of the isolates. Moreover, the growth of &gt;85% of the isolates was inhibited by the phage cocktail of vB_SflS-ISF001 and vB_SsoS-ISF002. The phage cocktail was effective against a wide range of ESBL-positive and -negative isolates of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, this phage cocktail has the potential to inhibit or significantly decrease the spread of drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in humans, food chains, and water\/wastewater sanitation systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T14:51:56Z","timestamp":1581087116000},"page":"831-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A New Phage Cocktail Against Multidrug, ESBL-Producer Isolates of\n                    <i>Shigella sonnei<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Shigella flexneri<\/i>\n                    with Highly Efficient Bacteriolytic Activity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Khashayar","family":"Shahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran."},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Bouzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Komijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P.R. China."},{"name":"Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"122","volume":"19","author":"Shahin K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahin K., , Bouzari M., , Wang R., , and Khorasgani M.R.. 2019. Distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons among Shigella spp. isolated from water sources. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Res. 19:122\u2013128.","journal-title":"Distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrons among Shigella spp. isolated from water sources. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936117744429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola, C.L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ventola, C.L. 2015. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P. T. 40:277\u2013283.","journal-title":"P. T"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2019. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Now: Human Data. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services CDC Atlanta GA (https:\/\/cdc.gov\/narmsnow)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"Switzerland","article-title":"WHO Publishes List of Bacteria for which New Antibiotics are Urgently Needed","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. 2017. WHO Publishes List of Bacteria for which New Antibiotics are Urgently Needed. World Health Organization,, Geneva, Switzerland.","journal-title":"World Health Organization,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v8.i3.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei M. Komijani M. and Javadirad S.M.. 2012. 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