{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T18:09:07Z","timestamp":1784570947117,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a frequent and widespread phenomenon. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reports that multidrug resistant (MDR)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    is considered an important hazard to public health. The lack of data on the correlation between the administration of antibiotics to pigs and the diffusion of MDR\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    necessitates an in-depth study. The aims of our study were first of all to determine the presence of MDR and\/or extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ES\u03b2L)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from feces and carcasses of pigs; and second, to evaluate the correlation between antibiotic resistance and the antibiotic treatment administrated to the animals considered. The examined\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated from 100 fecal swabs and 100 carcass sponges taken from farms and slaughterhouses located in Reggio Emilia province in Italy. The MDR isolates were tested following the protocol defined by EUCAST (2015). Subsequently, a real-time PCR and an endpoint-PCR were used for the genomic analysis. Data highlighted 76.5% of MDR\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    with a marked presence of the ampicillin (AMP)-streptomycin (STRE)-tetracycline (TETRA) pattern. Moreover, 13 isolates were ES\u03b2L producers, and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTXM<\/jats:sub>\n                    gene was the most frequently observed in genomic analysis. Results confirm the complexity of the AMR phenomenon showing a partial correlation between the administration of antibiotics and the resistance observed. Pigs destined to the production of Protected Designation of Origin items are colonized by bacteria resistant to a wide range of antibiotic classes even if data are encouraging for colistin and third generation cephalosporin. Furthermore, in-depth study focused on food production could be useful in a view of high safety standards for consumers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T16:34:37Z","timestamp":1585845277000},"page":"1081-1089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antibiotic Treatment Administered to Pigs and Antibiotic Resistance of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Isolated from Their Feces and Carcasses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Barilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda AUSL of Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Frascolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Rega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Torreggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Vismarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"4872","article-title":"ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals","volume":"15","author":"ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA","year":"2017","unstructured":"ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA. 2017. ECDC\/EFSA\/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals. EFSA J. 15:4872.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2019.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"European Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (EARS-Net). 2017. Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance in Europe in 2015. Surveillance Report. ECDC Stockholm."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0457-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0309-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_112_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"Anonymous (a). COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 14.7.2016 concerning in the framework of Article 35 of Directive 2001\/82\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council the marketing authorizations for all veterinary medicinal products containing \u201ccolistin\u201d in combination with other antimicrobial substances to be administered orally."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"Anonymous (b). DECRETO 25 luglio 2016: revoca delle autorizzazioni all'immissione in commercio di tutti i medicinali per uso veterinario contenenti \u201ccolistina\u201d in associazione con altri agenti antimicrobici per somministrazione orale. (Decreto n. 117). (16A06233) (GU Serie Generale n.197 del 24-08-2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"Assocarni Italia. 2018. Il consumo apparente pro capite di carni in Italia 2007\u20132017. Available at www.assocarni.it\/archivio3_comunicati-ed-eventi_0_310_173.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. D.Lgs 158\/2006. Attuazione della direttiva 2003\/74\/CE concernente il divieto di utilizzazione di talune sostanze ad azione ormonica tireostatica e delle sostanze beta-agoniste nelle produzioni animali. (GU Serie Generale n.98 del 28-04-2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). 2015. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 5.0. 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