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Early life exposure to antibiotics alters significantly the composition and function of the gut microbiota of children, which may trigger symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This is because the GM plays an important role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain and influences the brain normal functioning through multiple pathways. The goal of this article is to study the distribution of ARGs in the GM of 3- to 5-year-old healthy children and children with ASD living in Moscow, Russia. The metagenomic analysis of samples from both groups revealed differences in the signatures between them. The signatures consisted of the bacterial genera and aminoglycoside, \u03b2-lactam, macrolide, and tetracycline resistance genes that they harbored. Our results show an increase in ARGs in the resistome of the GM of children with ASD. These findings emphasize the negative influence of early-life antibiotic therapy. We found three ARGs, aac(6\u2032)-aph(2\u2032\u2032), cepA-49, and tet(40), which could serve as markers of ASD. The additional functions carried out by the enzymes, encoded by these genes, are being discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T11:11:51Z","timestamp":1578568311000},"page":"1307-1320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut Microbiota of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder as Possible Predictors of the Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Alexey S.","family":"Kovtun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia."},{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow Oblast, Russia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Averina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia."},{"name":"Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Alekseeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valery N.","family":"Danilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia."},{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow Oblast, Russia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000235"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46101-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1878C"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181dcc4a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1386"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0887-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx426"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"26914","article-title":"Gut bacteria in children with autism spectrum disorders: challenges and promise of studying how a complex community influences a complex disease","volume":"26","author":"Krajmalnik-Brown R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krajmalnik-Brown R., , Lozupone C., , Kang D.W, , and Adams J.B.. 2015. 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