{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T03:31:38Z","timestamp":1782531098054,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have engendered substantial interest in recent years as pathogenic causes of infections in both human and veterinary medicine, especially in the immunocompromised, critically ill, long-term hospitalized and in those harboring invasive medical devices such as catheters. They have been implicated in infections such as urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and invasive device-related infections, and are responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock production. The advancement of diagnostic techniques has increased our understanding of their molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, even though distinguishing between innocuousness and pathogenicity is still challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The incidence of CoNS varied across the continent in humans and animals (mainly cattle), ranging from 6% to 68% in suspected human infections and from 3% to 61.7% in suspected animal infections, distributed across different geographic locations. Furthermore, there were varying antibiotic resistance patterns observed in CoNS isolates, with high methicillin resistance in some cases, leading to crossresistance against many antibiotics.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus xylosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were most commonly reported in studies herein reviewed, while the enterotoxin C gene,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">atl<\/jats:italic>\n                    E gene,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ica<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, and hemolysin virulence factors were linked with enhanced pathogenicity. Advancement in identification and typing methods, including whole genome sequencing, virulence screening, and the assessment of the immune status of subjects in studies will help to thoroughly assess the true pathogenic potential of isolated CoNS species in developing countries.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Careful antibiotic stewardship guidelines should be followed due to the ability of CoNS to develop multidrug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T11:30:32Z","timestamp":1581420632000},"page":"951-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Review of Clinically and Epidemiologically Relevant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Asante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences and University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akebe L.K.","family":"Abia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anou M.","family":"Somboro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences and University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usha","family":"Govinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda A.","family":"Bester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Unit, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabiha Y.","family":"Essack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Species distribution and virulence factors of coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from clinical samples from the University of Benin Teaching hospital, Edo State, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Azih A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azih A., , and Enabulele I.. 2013. 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