{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:30:43Z","timestamp":1777923043679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Revival of old antibiotic compounds is a promising strategy to strengthen the antimicrobial armamentarium in the era of increasing resistance and limited development pipelines. To exploit their full potential, their reinvestigation using current standards is needed. We aimed to investigate the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity of the old antimicrobial agent sodium bituminosulfonate in accordance with the current recommendations for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and to generate susceptibility data reflecting the current epidemiological situation. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity of sodium bituminosulfonate was tested on consecutive clinical isolates, including 12 methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) and 12 methicillin-susceptible\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MSSA), 24 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 60 streptococci, 12\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 12\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (including two vancomycin-resistant strains), 12\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 12 nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli, and 12\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cutibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . AST of sodium bituminosulfonate was performed using broth microdilution method for Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods and by agar dilution method for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sodium bituminosulfonate demonstrated activity against Gram-positive pathogens with minimal inhibitory concentration 90 (MIC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values (g\/L) for MRSA 0.25, MSSA 1, CoNS 16,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.03,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.125,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus dysgalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22640.015,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22640.015, viridans streptococci 0.03,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.25,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.5, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.03 (without blood supplement). MIC values for Gram-negative bacteria were considerably higher. Blood-supplemented media proved to be unsuitable for activity testing of this agent. Sodium bituminosulfonate may represent an alternative to classical antibiotics for topical use. Although it has been clinically used for many decades, well-designed randomized trials are needed for the effective revival of this old antimicrobial.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T16:03:56Z","timestamp":1584461036000},"page":"1405-1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Activity of Sodium Bituminosulfonate: Susceptibility Data for the Revival of an Old Antimicrobial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Evgeny A.","family":"Idelevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany."},{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30513-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv157"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","first-page":"800","article-title":"Ichthyol","volume":"1","author":"Unna","year":"1887","unstructured":"Unna. 1887. Ichthyol. Br. Med. J. 1:800.","journal-title":"Br. Med. J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04551.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"\u00dcber das \u201cIchthyol.1\u201d[About \u201cIchthyol.1\u201d]","volume":"2","author":"Baumann E.","year":"1883","unstructured":"Baumann E., , and Schotten C.. 1883. \u00dcber das \u201cIchthyol.1\u201d[About \u201cIchthyol.1\u201d]. Monatsh. Prakt. Dermatol. 2:257\u2013262. (In German.)","journal-title":"Monatsh. Prakt. Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"533","article-title":"\u00dcber Ichthyol [About Ichthyol]","volume":"25","author":"Unna, P.G","year":"1897","unstructured":"Unna, P.G. 1897. \u00dcber Ichthyol [About Ichthyol]. Monatsh. Prakt. Dermatol. 25:533\u2013539. (In German.)","journal-title":"Monatsh. Prakt. Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","first-page":"Germany","article-title":"Bakteriologische Untersuchungen, die antiseptischen Eigenschaften des Ichthyols betreffend [Bacteriological investigations regarding the antiseptic properties of Ichthyol]","author":"Latteux P.","year":"1892","unstructured":"Latteux P. 1892. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen, die antiseptischen Eigenschaften des Ichthyols betreffend [Bacteriological investigations regarding the antiseptic properties of Ichthyol]. Verlag Leopold Voss,, Hamburg, Germany. (In German.)","journal-title":"Verlag Leopold Voss,"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100133547"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","first-page":"415","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis der Wirkung von Seefelder Schiefer\u00f6lprodukten auf Staphylococcen und Streptococcen [Action of Seefeld slate oil products on staphylococci and streptococci]","volume":"1","author":"Pantke R.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Pantke R. 1951. Zur Kenntnis der Wirkung von Seefelder Schiefer\u00f6lprodukten auf Staphylococcen und Streptococcen [Action of Seefeld slate oil products on staphylococci and streptococci]. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug. Res.), 1:415\u2013416. (In German.)","journal-title":"Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug. Res.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","first-page":"570","article-title":"Bakteriologische Untersuchung von Arzneimitteln aus Schiefer\u00f6l [Bacteriological studies of drugs from shale oil]","volume":"15","author":"Pantke R.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Pantke R. 1965. Bakteriologische Untersuchung von Arzneimitteln aus Schiefer\u00f6l [Bacteriological studies of drugs from shale oil]. Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug. Res.), 15:570\u2013573. (In German.)","journal-title":"Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug. Res.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2018. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard 11th ed. M07-A11. Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2018. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria; approved standard 9th ed. M11-A9. Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","unstructured":"ISO. 2006. International Standard. ISO 20776-1:2006(E). Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro diagnostic test systems\u2014Susceptibility testing of infectious agents and evaluation of performance of antimicrobial susceptibility test devices\u2014Part 1: Reference method for testing the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against rapidly growing aerobic bacteria involved in infectious diseases. Geneva."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2019. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 29th ed. M100-S29. Wayne PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15043"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","first-page":"20860","article-title":"Systematic literature analysis and review of targeted preventive measures to limit healthcare-associated infections by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"19","author":"K\u00f6ck R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"K\u00f6ck R., , Becker K., , Cookson B., , van Gemert-Pijnen J.E, , Harbarth S., , Kluytmans J., , Mielke M., , Peters G., , Skov R.L, , Struelens M.J, , Tacconelli E., , Witte W., , and Friedrich A.W.. 2014. Systematic literature analysis and review of targeted preventive measures to limit healthcare-associated infections by meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Euro. Surveill. 19:20860.","journal-title":"Euro. 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