{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:59:41Z","timestamp":1784746781287,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study was designed to assess the interactions between antibiotics in combination treatments of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhimurium in association with the development of antibiotic heteroresistance.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), ciprofloxacin (CIP)-induced\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (ST\n                    <jats:sup>CIP<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhimurium CCARM 8009 (ST\n                    <jats:sup>CLI<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) treated with antibiotic alone (cephalothin [CEP], CIP, ceftriaxone [CEF], and tobramycin [TOB]) and combination antibiotics (CEP-CIP and CEF-TOB) were used to compare the antibiotic susceptibility, resistance fitness, and cross-resistance. The susceptibilities of ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ST\n                    <jats:sup>CIP<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and ST\n                    <jats:sup>CLI<\/jats:sup>\n                    to CEP were not significant differences between CEP and CEP-CIP treatments, whereas those of ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ST\n                    <jats:sup>CIP<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and ST\n                    <jats:sup>CLI<\/jats:sup>\n                    to TOB were significant differences between TOB and CEF-TOB treatments. The interactions between CEP and CIP in the combination treatment showed mutually synergistic activities against ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    and ST\n                    <jats:sup>CLI<\/jats:sup>\n                    . For the CEF-TOB combination treatments, TOB helped enhance the antibiotic activity of CEF against ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    , showing directional synergistic effect. The CEF-TOB combination treatment increased bactericidal activity against ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ST\n                    <jats:sup>CIP<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and ST\n                    <jats:sup>CLI<\/jats:sup>\n                    without causing injured cells. The combination antibiotic treatments (CEP-CIP and CEF-TOB) increased the fitness cost (relative fitness\u2009=\u20090.7) and decreased the cross-resistance of ST\n                    <jats:sup>WT<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ST\n                    <jats:sup>CIP<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and ST\n                    <jats:sup>CLI<\/jats:sup>\n                    when exposed to different classes of antibiotics. This study provides new insight for designing combination antibiotic regimens that can synergistically enhance the antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and inhibit the emergence of cross-resistance to different classes of antibiotics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T17:51:58Z","timestamp":1586281918000},"page":"441-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effectiveness of Antibiotic Combination Treatments to Control Heteroresistant\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jirapat","family":"Dawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhee","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.161556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12887","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717160115","article-title":"Technologies to address antimicrobial resistance","volume":"115","author":"Baker S.J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baker S.J., , Payne D.J, , Rappuoli R., , and De Gregorio E.. 2018. 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