{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T03:54:47Z","timestamp":1785470087941,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The association of antimicrobial usage (AMU) with prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) in livestock raw milk consumed by pastoralists in Kenya remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between AMU and emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including MRSA in raw milk of livestock. AMU data were obtained using sales records from veterinary pharmacies.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated from 603 milk samples from various livestock species, including sheep, goat, cow, and camel reared in Isiolo and Marsabit counties in Kenya. Resistant phenotypes and genotypes were determined by disc diffusion and molecular methods, respectively. Correlation between AMU and occurrence of resistance was determined by Pearson's correlation coefficient (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) method. The consumption of various antimicrobial classes were as follows; 4,168\u2009kg of oxytetracycline, 70\u2009kg of sulfonamides, 49.7\u2009kg of aminoglycosides, 46\u2009kg of beta-lactams, 39.4\u2009kg of macrolides, and 0.52\u2009kg for trimethoprim. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were mainly resistant to tetracycline (79%), ampicillin (58%), and oxacillin (33%), respectively. A few isolates (5\u201318%) were resistant to clindamycin, cephalexin, erythromycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Most of the MDR-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were MRSA (94%). The genetic determinants found in the AMR isolates included\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    K\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    M (96.5%\/19%) for tetracycline,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    (79%) for penicillin,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac (6\u2032)\/aph (2\u2032\u2032)\/aph (3\u2032)-IIIa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (53%) for aminoglycosides,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    A (41%) for oxacillin, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">msr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    A (24%\/7%) for macrolides. Oxytetracycline usage was correlated to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    K\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    M (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.62\/1) detection, penicillins to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    A\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.86\/0.98), aminoglycoside to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac (6\u2032)\/aph (2\u2032\u2032)\/aph (3\u2032)-IIIa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20090.76\/\u221213), and macrolide usages for detection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    A\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">msr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.94\/0.77). AMU appeared to be associated with occurrence of MDR-SA and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    M detection. Consumption of raw milk contaminated with MRSA could pose a serious public health risk in pastoral communities in northern Kenya.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T10:00:41Z","timestamp":1605261641000},"page":"843-854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Antimicrobial Usage and Detection of Multidrug-Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    , Including Methicillin-Resistant Strains in Raw Milk of Livestock from Northern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Isaac","family":"Omwenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel O.","family":"Aboge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Mitema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Obiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ngaywa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Ngwili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Wamwere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wainaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2524-4","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant strains, isolated from bulk can milk and raw milk products in pastoral communities of South-Wes Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Asiimwe B.B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asiimwe B.B., , Baldan R., , Trovato A., , and Cirillo D.M.. 2017. 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