{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:28:23Z","timestamp":1790681303152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    has acquired resistance to several antimicrobial drugs, including last-resort antibiotics affecting, therefore, clinical efficacy and causing high rates of mortality. In this study, we investigate the whole genome sequence of a carbapenem-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain isolated from the hospital environment in Tunisia. A total of 210 samples were taken using sterile swabs, from inanimate surfaces, medical devices, and care staff, during the period extended between March and April 2019. After the microbiological analysis of samples and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, only one strain identified as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    showing resistance to carbapenems was selected for the whole genome sequencing. The genome analysis revealed a high-level resistance to most antibiotics. Interestingly, we have noted the coexistence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM-48<\/jats:sub>\n                    metallo-\u03b2-lactamase (MBL) encoding genes conferring resistance to carbapenems. Other \u03b2-lactamases encoding genes have also been detected, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY-48<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Moreover, genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3)-IId,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ant<\/jats:italic>\n                    (3\u2033)-Ia,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aad<\/jats:italic>\n                    A,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">aac<\/jats:italic>\n                    (6\u2032)-Ib], macrolide [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mph<\/jats:italic>\n                    (A)], sulfonamide (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sul<\/jats:italic>\n                    1), trimethoprim (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A1), tetracycline [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (D)], chloramphenicol [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cat<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B3)], rifamycin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">arr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -3), and quinolone (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    B) have been revealed. The multi-locus sequence typing analysis showed that this isolate could not be assigned to an existing sequence type (ST), but it is almost identical to ST22. The plasmid investigation revealed the presence of five plasmids belonging to diverse incompatibility groups (IncFII, IncHI1A, IncHI1B, IncN, and IncX3). To the best of our knowledge, our findings report the first detection of NDM-1 and VIM-48 coproducing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Tunisia and the second detection in the world of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>VIM-48<\/jats:sub>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T17:42:36Z","timestamp":1628098956000},"page":"18-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Whole Genome Sequencing of a\n                    <i>Citrobacter freundii<\/i>\n                    Strain Isolated from the Hospital Environment: An Extremely Multiresistant NDM-1 and VIM-48 Coproducing Isolate"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Raoudha","family":"Dziri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mert Ahmet","family":"Ku\u015fkucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, \u0130stanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, \u0130stanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Arfaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meha","family":"Fethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safa","family":"Ifaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridha","family":"Bellaaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Hospital Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imene","family":"Ouzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ne\u015fe","family":"Salto\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, \u0130stanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, \u0130stanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naouel","family":"Klibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30196-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0598-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola, C.L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ventola, C.L. 2015. 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