{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:31:53Z","timestamp":1790087513030,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Uropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (UPECs) are a significant cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In Kenya, UTIs are typically treated with \u03b2-lactam antibiotics without antibiotic susceptibility testing, which could accelerate antibiotic resistance among UPEC strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study determined the occurrence of UPEC producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs), the genes conferring resistance to \u03b2-lactams, and the phylogenetic groups associated with ESBLs in Kenyan UPECs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-five UPEC isolates from six Kenyan hospitals were tested for ESBL and plasmid-mediated AmpC \u03b2-lactamase (pAmpC) production by combined disk diffusion and disk approximation tests, respectively. Real-time and conventional polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were used to detect three ESBL and six pAmpC genes, respectively, and phylogenetic groups were assigned by a quadruplex PCR method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four percent UPEC isolates were ESBL producers with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                      (95.6%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      (95.6%), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                      (21.7%) genes detected. Sixteen isolates had\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M\/TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      , whereas five had\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM\/CTX-M\/SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                      . A total of 5\/23 ESBLs were cefoxitin resistant, but no AmpC genes were detected. The UPECs belonged predominantly to phylogenetic groups B2 (31\/95; 32.6%) and D (30\/95; 31.6%), while groups B2 and A had the most ESBL producers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03b2-Lactam antibiotics have reduced utility for treating UTIs as a quarter of UPECs were ESBL producing. Single or multiple ESBL genes were present in UPECs, belonging primarily to phylogenetic groups B2 and A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T16:57:20Z","timestamp":1627059440000},"page":"31-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Uropathogenic\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Isolates from Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Catherine Wawira","family":"Muriuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological and Physical Science, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya."},{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Adhiambo","family":"Ogonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Biological and Physical Science, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Kyanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Matano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Masakhwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Odoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1418-6523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Musila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kenya\/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"Escherichia coli","author":"Koshesh M.","unstructured":"Koshesh M., , Mansouri S., , Hashemizadeh Z., , and Kalantar-Neyestanaki D.. 2016. 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