{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:06:55Z","timestamp":1788883615238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST131 is one of the high-risk multidrug-resistant clones with a global distribution and the ability to persist and colonize in a variety of niches. Carbapenemase-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST131 strains with the ability to resist last-line antibiotics (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , colistin) have been recently considered a significant public health. Colistin is widely used in veterinary medicine and therefore, colistin-resistant bacteria can be transmitted from livestock to humans through food. There are several mechanisms of resistance to colistin, which include chromosomal mutations and plasmid-transmitted\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST131 is a great model organism to investigate the emergence of superbugs. This microorganism has the ability to cause intestinal and extraintestinal infections, and its accurate identification as well as its antibiotic resistance patterns are vitally important for a successful treatment strategy. Therefore, further studies are required to understand the evolution of this resistant organism for drug design, controlling the evolution of other nascent emerging pathogens, and developing antibiotic stewardship programs. In this review, we will discuss the importance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST131, the mechanisms of resistance to colistin as the last-resort antibiotic against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, reports from different regions regarding\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ST131 resistance to colistin, and the most recent therapeutic approaches against colistin-resistance bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T11:01:42Z","timestamp":1619694102000},"page":"1513-1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Challenge of Global Emergence of Novel Colistin-Resistant\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    ST131"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Taati Moghadam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mozhdeh","family":"Fazel Tehrani Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Babakhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Yeganeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Asgharzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed Eraghiye","family":"Farahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Shahbazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-018-0630-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100693"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The evaluation of connection between integrons class I and II and ESBL-producing and non-ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples, Kerman","volume":"10","author":"Moghadam M.T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moghadam M.T., , Nave H.H, , Mohebi S., , and Norouzi A.. 2016. 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