{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:39:38Z","timestamp":1793403578106,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The biological fitness cost of antibiotic resistance is a key parameter in determining the rate of appearance and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Egypt. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    clinical isolates from Greater Cairo area hospitals. A total of 537 clinical isolates were recovered from samples of urine, diarrheal specimen, pus, wound culture, gastric wound, blood, drain culture, sputum, high vaginal swab, abscess, amniotic fluid, ventilator, burn swab, splenic drain culture, and unknown site of infection during different seasons. All isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility testing for colistin, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and trimethoprim, quinolones, and \u03b2-lactam resistance. Our results revealed that 42.7% of the isolates harbored at least one resistance encoding gene, 10% harboring 2, 0.6% harboring 3, and 0.85% harboring 4 resistance-encoding genes. PCR reported the prevalence of resistance genes as follows:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla-<\/jats:italic>\n                    SHV 13.4%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -1 0.6%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">qnr-<\/jats:italic>\n                    A 23.8%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fos<\/jats:italic>\n                    -A 1.06%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nfs<\/jats:italic>\n                    -A 3.6%, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dfr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -A 25.5%. We reported that three isolates carried the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -1 gene encoding colistin resistance from three different hospitals. Upon performing sequencing and phylogenetic analysis on the three positive\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mcr<\/jats:italic>\n                    -1 isolates (MT890587, MT890588, and MT890589), the three isolates showed 100% identity with themselves, with some strains from Egypt and Japan, and 99.9% identity with an isolate from China.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T10:50:24Z","timestamp":1622112624000},"page":"1420-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Study on Multidrug-Resistant\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    Clinical Isolates from Different Hospitals in Greater Cairo"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rana","family":"Elshimy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Egypt."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdallah","family":"Zedan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek H.","family":"Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Egyptian Drug Authority, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania Abdelmonem","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"561","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance crisis","volume":"40","author":"Mobarki N.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mobarki N., , Almerabi B., , and Hattan A.. 2019. Antibiotic resistance crisis. Int. J. Med. Dev. Ctries. 40:561\u2013564.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1337508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2013. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39730-0","article-title":"Novel bla CTX-M variants and genotype-phenotype correlations among clinical isolates of extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"9","author":"Ramadan A.A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramadan A.A., , Abdelaziz N.A, , Amin M.A, , and Aziz R.K.. 2019. 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