{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:32:00Z","timestamp":1777923120805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to assess the molecular dissemination of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in public hospitals in South Africa. The study conducted over 3 months during 2017 involved representative samples obtained from three wards (general ward, intensive care unit, and pediatric unit) from four public hospitals denoted as A (Central), B (Tertiary), C (Regional), and D (District). Swabs collected from 11 distinct hospital surfaces were screened using selective media, biochemical testing, and molecular methods. Overall, 17% (135\/777) isolates were identified with a prevalence of 24% (32\/135) for central, 33% (45\/135) for tertiary, 27% (36\/135) for regional, and 16% (22\/135) for district hospital.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species were further confirmed to belong to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (129\/135; 96%) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (6\/135; 4%). Prevalence was similar across the wards, averaging 33.3% (45\/135). The highest prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates was found on the drip stands (11.8%), sink (11.8%), ward phone (11.5%), and nurses' tables (10.3%). Minimum inhibitory concentration analyses revealed high resistance to \u03b2-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. The most common resistance genes detected were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ermB<\/jats:italic>\n                    (56%) and t\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">etM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5%). Enterotoxin virulence genes\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hblA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (77%) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hblD<\/jats:italic>\n                    (88%) associated with the diarrheal syndrome were most detected; however, no\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ces<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes (cereulide toxin) for emetic syndrome was found. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR revealed considerable diversity at the different levels of health care, although the clonal spread of strains between the sites\/wards within each specific hospital was revealed. The study highlighted the dissemination of drug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in public hospital environments and calls for the design of optimal strategies to curb their spread.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T09:45:53Z","timestamp":1632217553000},"page":"1692-1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Occurrence, Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genetic Diversity of\n                    <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n                    spp. from Public Hospital Environments in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zamile N.","family":"Mbhele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiana O.","family":"Shobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3551-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Amoako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa."},{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9741-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver T.","family":"Zishiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5726-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda A.","family":"Bester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban, Durban, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9093330"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1553-7250(12)38073-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","first-page":"pp","article-title":"Analysing the progress and fault lines of health sector transformation in South Africa","author":"Rispel L.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rispel L. 2016. Analysing the progress and fault lines of health sector transformation in South Africa. In L. Rispel (ed.), South African Health Review. Health Systems Trust (HST), South, Africa, pp. 17\u201323.","journal-title":"In L. Rispel (ed.), South African Health Review. Health Systems Trust (HST), South"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.103543"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Nosocomial infections pathogens isolated from Hospital Personnel, Hospital Environment and Devices","volume":"7","author":"Akbari R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akbari R., , Fattahi Bafghi M., , and Fazeli H.. 2018. Nosocomial infections pathogens isolated from Hospital Personnel, Hospital Environment and Devices. J. Med. Bacteriol. 7:22\u201330.","journal-title":"J. Med. 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