{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:32:03Z","timestamp":1777923123961,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The multidrug resistance (MDR)\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    having Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) genes and the capacity to create a biofilm acts as a major reduction in the therapeutic effectiveness of antimicrobials. In search of a novel nanocarrier (NC) for targeted delivery of antibiotics, carbon dots (CDs) coated calcium carbonate nanocarriers (CCNC) from organic chicken eggshells conjugated with levofloxacin (Lvx) were synthesized. Our main objectives were to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and NC potential of CDs coated CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Nanocarrier conjugated with levofloxacin (CD-CCNC-Lvx) to combat biofilm-producing MDR ESBL\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    of urinary tract infection origin. The synthesized NC system was physiochemically characterized, validating the synthesis of CCNC and CD-CCNC-Lvx with a particle size of 56 and 14\u2009nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed rod shape morphology. X-ray diffraction results discovered crystalline and dispersed nanoparticles.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    release drug kinetics illustrated sustained release of Lvx. NC system exhibited strong antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    with a noticeable low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC of CCNC was found to be 30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009\u03bcg\/mL and CD-CCNC-Lvx was 20\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for MDR ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The synergistic effect of NC upon conjugation with Lvx showed incredible activity with 30\u2009mm zone of inhibition and 68% biofilm inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis revealed treated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells showed 58.69% reduction in cell viability. SEM images of treated bacterial cells showed morphological changes, which were also confirmed by our flow cytometry findings leading to cell membrane damage in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli.<\/jats:italic>\n                    NC system also downregulated the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      bla\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    gene in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The hemolytic analysis proved biocompatibility with human red blood cells (RBCs). It is concluded that CCNC has the potential to be used as NC for target delivery of antibiotics and may combat toxicity of antibiotics as the inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was noticed at low MIC concentration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T11:39:28Z","timestamp":1629200368000},"page":"106-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Dots Coated CaCO\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    Nanocarrier for Levofloxacin Against Multidrug Resistance Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    of Urinary Tract Infection Origin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Amna","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Uzair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamaila","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghufrana","family":"Samin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barkat","family":"Ali Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajjad Ahmed","family":"Khan Leghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Bilal","family":"Khan Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sehrish","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2399-1984\/aa69fb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381.ch73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01718-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on Agrobacterium tumefaciens","volume":"13","author":"Ataee R.A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ataee R.A., , Derakhshanpour J., , Mehrabi Tavana A., , and Eydi A.. 2011. Antibacterial effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Mil. Med. 13:65\u201370.","journal-title":"Mil. Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152091503763816409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2016.1161637"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"201","article-title":"Potential of calcium carbonate nanoparticles for therapeutic applications","volume":"14","author":"Mydin R.B.S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mydin R.B.S., , Zahidi I.N.M, , Ishak N., , Shaida N., , and Siddiquee S.. 2018. Potential of calcium carbonate nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Malaysian J. Med. Health Sci. 14:201\u2013206.","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Med. Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2019.109233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ01457E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/.61.3.377-392.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"1881","article-title":"Extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women with asymptomatic UTI in Iraq","volume":"13","author":"Alkhudhairy M.K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alkhudhairy M.K., , and Alshammari M.M.M. 2019. Extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women with asymptomatic UTI in Iraq. EurAsian J. Biosci. 13:1881\u20131889.","journal-title":"EurAsian J. Biosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01934-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2012.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.02.090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2017.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/983\/1\/012164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-019-00671-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"Improvement of ocular efficacy of levofloxacin by bioadhesive chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles: Box-Behnken design, in-vitro characterization, antibacterial evaluation and scintigraphy study","volume":"19","author":"Zafar A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zafar A., , Khan N., , Alruwaili N.K, , and Ali A.. 2020. Improvement of ocular efficacy of levofloxacin by bioadhesive chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles: Box-Behnken design, in-vitro characterization, antibacterial evaluation and scintigraphy study. Iran J. Pharm. Res. 19:292\u2013311.","journal-title":"Iran J. Pharm. Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"217","volume":"14","author":"Uzair B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uzair B., , Akhtar N., , Sajjad S., et al. 2020. Targeting microbial biofilms: by Arctiumlappa I. synthesised biocompatible CeO2-NPs encapsulated in nano-chitosan. IET Nanobiotechnol. 14:217\u2013223.","journal-title":"Targeting microbial biofilms: by Arctiumlappa I. synthesised biocompatible CeO2-NPs encapsulated in nano-chitosan. IET Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles-induced H2O2 triggers apoptosis-like death and is associated with dinF in Escherichia coli","volume":"16","author":"Kim S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim S., , and Lee D.G.. 2020. Silver nanoparticles-induced H2O2 triggers apoptosis-like death and is associated with dinF in Escherichia coli. Free Radic. Res. 16:1\u20132.","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2528490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"producing E","volume":"18","author":"Rasool U.","unstructured":"Rasool U., , Priya S., , Parveen A., , Sah S.K, , and Hemalatha S.. 2018. Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata against extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 18:1\u20139.","journal-title":"coli. J. Altern. Complement. Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"763","article-title":"Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles reduce the expression of the Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin","volume":"78","author":"Saghalli M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saghalli M., , Bidoki S.K, , Jamali A., , Bagheri H., , and Ghaemi E.A.. 2017. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles reduce the expression of the Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 78:763\u2013768.","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Isolation and identification of biofilm forming uropathogens from urinary tract infection and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern","volume":"7","author":"Rajivgandhi G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rajivgandhi G., , Vijayarani J., , Kannan M., , Murugan A., , Vijayan R., , and Manoharan N.. 2014. Isolation and identification of biofilm forming uropathogens from urinary tract infection and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Int. J. Life Sci. 7:52\u201363.","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw335"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/681473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"0131","article-title":"Effective biocidal and wound healing cogency of biocompatible glutathione: citrate-capped copper oxide nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant pathogenic enterobacteria","volume":"2020","author":"Sen S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sen S., , and Sarkar K.. 2020. Effective biocidal and wound healing cogency of biocompatible glutathione: citrate-capped copper oxide nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant pathogenic enterobacteria. Microb. Drug Resist. 2020:0131.","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB02684C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2016.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Sea shell derived CaCo3 nanorods as calcium rich fertilizer in agriculture","volume":"1","author":"Dhakane S.F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dhakane S.F., , and Moulavi M.H.. 2017. Sea shell derived CaCo3 nanorods as calcium rich fertilizer in agriculture. Int J. Eng. Sci. A, 1:189\u2013191.","journal-title":"Int J. Eng. Sci. A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-1313-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1788-1793.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Synthesis, structural characterization and antibacterial applications of calcium nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Rinu S.K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rinu S.K., , Queen M.A.J, , and Udhaya P.A.. 2020. Synthesis, structural characterization and antibacterial applications of calcium nanoparticles. J. Adv. Sci. Res. 11:83\u201387.","journal-title":"J. Adv. Sci. Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Bioavailability file: levofloxacin","volume":"32","author":"Sarisaltik D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarisaltik D., , and Teksin Z.S.. 2007. Bioavailability file: levofloxacin. Fabad. J. Pharm. Sci. 32:197.","journal-title":"Fabad. J. Pharm. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.39863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/c5020033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"381","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of sulfur nanoparticles alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria","volume":"54","author":"Paralikar P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paralikar P., , Ingle A.P, , Tiwari V., , Golinska P., , Dahm H., , and Rai M.. 2019. Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of sulfur nanoparticles alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria. J. Environ. Sci. Health C, 54:381\u2013390.","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-016-0083-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-019-0199-z"}],"container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:39:18Z","timestamp":1777667958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2020.0621","relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-6294","1931-8448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-6294","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-8448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}