{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:32:18Z","timestamp":1777923138200,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study represents the first analysis from Iran for both the frequency of the most common causes of infectious diarrhoea and their antibiotic resistance patterns in adult patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult stool specimens (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009211) were analyzed. Stool specimens were analyzed using standard microbiological, polymerase chain reaction, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests to identify bacterial, parasitic, and viral enteropathogens. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Enteropathogens were identified in 46.4% (98\/211) of the surveyed samples. This included 33.1% (70\/211) bacterial infections, including 9.9% (21\/211) diarrheagenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (DEC) and 8.5% (18\/211)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. We detected 7.1% (15\/211) parasitic infections (mostly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and 6.1% (13\/211) viral infections (mostly adenovirus). The DEC and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates included many multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates (95.2% and 77.7%, respectively), and extended spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) genes were often present (57.1% and 61.1%, respectively). The most commonly identified ESBL genes in the DEC and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      (100% in both species),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M15<\/jats:sub>\n                      (91.6% and 100%, respectively), AmpC\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CIT<\/jats:sub>\n                      (80% and 100%, respectively), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>DHA<\/jats:sub>\n                      (80% and 100%, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial infection was the primary cause of infectious diarrhea, affecting one-third of the adults. The frequency of DEC and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was higher than for other enteropathogens. The high prevalence of MDR, the elevated incidence of ESBL genes among\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and DEC isolates, and the presence of quinolone resistance in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. isolates represent a significant challenge for gastroenteritis diagnosis and treatment in this region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2021.0177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T15:38:31Z","timestamp":1663774711000},"page":"1043-1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Common Etiological Agents in Adult Patients with Gastroenteritis from Central Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9828-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elnaz","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"van Belkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analytics Department, BioM\u00e9rieux, La Balme les Grottes, France."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsanollah","family":"Ghaznavi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0166-0","article-title":"Multiple etiologies of infectious diarrhea and concurrent infections in a pediatric outpatient-based screening study in Odisha, India","volume":"9","author":"Shrivastava AK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrivastava AK, , Kumar S, , Mohakud NK, et al. 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