{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:37:34Z","timestamp":1789213054516,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rapid emergence of resistance in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhi (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi) against most of the available therapeutic options for typhoid has rendered its treatment more difficult. This study sought to determine the current scenario of antimicrobial resistance in local isolates of Faisalabad following several treatment failure reports. Out of 300 clinical specimens collected in 2018, 45 isolates were identified as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi. To assess changes, we compared their antibiogram profile with 31\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi strains isolated in 2005. The isolates collected during 2018 showed a significant rise in antimicrobial drug resistance as compared with isolates revived from the cultures of 2005, including 15 multidrug-resistant (MDR), 20 extensively drug-resistant, and 14 pan drug-resistant isolates compared with only 8 MDRs from 2005. Notably, in 2018 isolates, resistance to azithromycin was seen in 75% of the isolates. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was detected in 47% of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi isolates and 18% isolates showed resistance against carbapenems. The sequences of two carbapenemase genes, VIM and GES, found in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi were submitted in NCBI. The carbapenem resistance is rare in Enterobacteriaceae and probably first time reported in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi. H58 haplotype was identified in the 2018\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi isolates and PCR\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism method identified 16.7% of H58 strains that belonged to lineage I, 19.4% of H58 strains that belonged to lineage II, and the remaining 63.9% that belonged to the node. The regional difference in the antimicrobial resistance trend needs effective epidemiological studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2022.0094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1671451877000},"page":"1087-1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["First Detection of Extensively Drug-Resistant\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhi Isolates Harboring\n                    <i>VIM<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>GES<\/i>\n                    Genes for Carbapenem Resistance from Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quratul","family":"Ain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahnoor","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Sadaqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Medicine Unit, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambreen","family":"Ayub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad Bashir","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Wajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aamir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazhar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute for Research in Science and Technology, Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9816-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasra","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.07.006","article-title":"Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system","volume":"190","author":"Kurtz JR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurtz JR, , Goggins JA, , McLachlan JB. Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system. Immunol Lett, 2017; 190:42\u201350; doi: 10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.07.006","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.08.024","article-title":"Foodborne disease and food control in the Gulf States","volume":"73","author":"Todd ECD","year":"2017","unstructured":"Todd ECD. Foodborne disease and food control in the Gulf States. Food Control, 2017; 73:341\u2013366; doi: 10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.08.024","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","first-page":"DM01","article-title":"Drug resistance pattern in the recent isolates of Salmonella Typhi with special reference to cephalosporins and azithromycin in the Gangetic Plain","volume":"11","author":"Patel SR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patel SR, , Bharti S, , Pratap CB, et al. Drug resistance pattern in the recent isolates of Salmonella Typhi with special reference to cephalosporins and azithromycin in the Gangetic Plain. J Clin Diagnostic Res, 2017; 11:DM01; doi: 10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/23330.9973","journal-title":"J Clin Diagnostic Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1192","article-title":"Factors associated with typhoid relapse in the era of multiple drug resistant strains","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad KA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ahmad KA, , Khan LH, , Roshan B, et al. Factors associated with typhoid relapse in the era of multiple drug resistant strains. 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