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Stationary-phase cells were inoculated into the lysogeny broth medium, with and without antibiotic supplementation, and grown until the stationary phase before being subcultured into the same antibiotic-supplemented medium for six consecutive cycles. Thirty colonies from each cycle and treatment condition were selected and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined. The sequential subculture of K279a for a number of cycles reduced susceptibility to diverse classes of antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol, regardless of the antibiotic used. Supplementation with antibiotics that is, ampicillin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime, at sublethal concentrations significantly accelerated the development rate of strains that reduced susceptibility to other antibiotics. The patterns of reduced susceptibility were different depending on the antibiotic used for supplementation. Thus, without gene transfer, antibiotic-resistant strains of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    can readily develop, especially after antibiotic treatments. Whole-genome sequence analysis of the selected antibiotic-resistant mutants identified gene mutations that might be responsible for antimicrobial resistance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2022.0202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T12:08:04Z","timestamp":1678450084000},"page":"115-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Induction of Antimicrobial Resistance of\n                    <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/i>\n                    by Exposure to Nonlethal Levels of Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yaiprae","family":"Chatree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Applied Biological Sciences: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisanart","family":"Charoenlap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerakit","family":"Vanitshavit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyatida","family":"Ruangrassamee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skorn","family":"Mongkolsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8744-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paiboon","family":"Vattanaviboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Applied Biological Sciences: Environmental Health, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand."},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02276"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R74","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-4-r74","article-title":"The complete genome, comparative and functional analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals an organism heavily shielded by drug resistance determinants","volume":"9","author":"Crossman LC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crossman LC, , Gould VC, , Dow JM, et al. 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