{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:28:15Z","timestamp":1787066895986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Drug Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We characterized bacterial and fungal superinfection and evaluated the antimicrobial resistance profile against the most common superinfection-causing pathogens (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross-sectional study, 192 respiratory samples were collected from patients with and without SARS-COV-2 admitted to a teaching hospital in Tehran. Superinfection proportions and the antibiotic resistance profile were assessed and compared with demographic, comorbidities, and other clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Superinfection rate was 60% among COVID-19 patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.629). Intensive care unit admission (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017), mortality rate (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001), and antiviral and corticosteroid therapy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001) were significantly more common among patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). The most common superinfections were caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (42.7%, 82\/192),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (14.6%, 28\/192), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13%, 25\/192\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">). A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibited greater antibiotic resistance. Forty-four percent (11\/25) of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were cefoxitin resistant and also confirmed as methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      by PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rise of difficult-to-treat infections with a high burden of antibiotic resistance, coupled with an increase in mortality rate of SARS-COV-2 superinfected individuals, illustrates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance. Post-pandemic antimicrobial resistance crisis management requires precise microbiological diagnosis, drug susceptibility testing, and prescription of antimicrobials appropriate for the patient's condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2022.0227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T13:55:40Z","timestamp":1672926940000},"page":"104-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Respiratory Bacterial and Fungal Superinfections During the Third Surge of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mobarak Qamsari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"Sahebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Health Research Institute, Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reaz","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Infectious Diseases Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohre","family":"Labbani-motlagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Shavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Alijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahideh","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Sefidbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Feizabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"Thoracic Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27285"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04399-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2021.1962708"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000521412"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03647-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"597","article-title":"Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19. 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